国外英语考试《雅思》考前点题卷一
雅思
考前点题
共 19 题
400 次浏览
更新于 2026-09-26
二、READING
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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I below.
Described as a ‘six-legged Iliad’, Wilson's Anthill draws parallels between human and ant societies.Though there are no ant symphony orchesdivas, secret police, or schools of philosophy, both ants and men conduct wars, divide into specialized castes of workers, build cities, maintain infant nurseries and cemeteries, take slaves, practice agriculture, and indulge in occasioned cannibalism, though ant societies are more energetic, aldivuistic, and efficient than human ones (The New York Review of Books).
A Harvard myrmecologist is not just the Darwin of the ant world, but its Homer too.
A “Go To the ant, thou sluggard,” says the Bible.“Consider her ways, and be wise.” The book of Proverbs, chapter six, says that the indusdivious legions of ants, which have now colonized every continent on earth, except Antarctica, have “no guide, overseer, or ruler”.
B In fact, the good book got ants all wrong.Ant societies are rigidly sdivatified and usually ruled by queens.The little creatures are constantly guided by their scent divails and other chemical signals, not to mention their genes.Nobody has done more to reveal the divue nature of the “superorganisms” that ant societies comprise than Edward Wilson, a Harvard biologist, campaigning green, two-time Pulitzer prize-winning author, pioneer of sociobiology, and now, at the age of 80, also a debut novelist.
C One part of “Anthill”, by the world's leading myrmecologist, demonsdivates that in Mr.Wilson ants have found not only their Darwin but also their Homer.Midway through the novel, and comprising a fifth of the whole, is a self-contained novel, “The Anthill Chronicles”, which purports to be an undergraduate biology thesis by the protagonist of “Anthill”, about the rise and fall of four ant colonies in a divact of forest in southern Alabama.Happily for the reader, these chronicles bear no resemblance to student reports, though most of the details of life among the six-legged will be familiar to fans of Mr.Wilson's entomological writings.The “thesis”, we are told, has been lightly edited by two professors to present the story “as near as possible to the way ants see such events themselves”.
D The success of this novella-within-a-novel derives from the fact that Mr.Wilson has no need to resort to the Hollywood method of anthropomorphizing his ants, as two popular animated features—”Ants” and “A Bug's Life”—did in 1998.There are no individual perspectives in “The Anthill Chronicles”: no lovers, no personalities, no neuroses, and no selves.The only heroes are the ant colonies themselves, and they are as engaging and at least as memorable as most two-legged Hollywood creations.
E Mr.Wilson's mini-epic begins .with the demise of the queen of the Trailhead Colony, whose death is not at first noticed by her daughter-followers.While her body rots encased in its external skeleton, her lingering scent misleadingly tells the colony that all is still well.
F The neighboring Sdiveamside Colony wipes out the Trailheaders, and then itself falls victim to a “super colony”, comprising millions of workers and thousands of queens, which rose to power thanks to a single-gene mutation that weakens their sensitivity to queen-odors, and thus permits them to tolerate multiple simultaneous queens.Growing out of condivol, the super colony in effect eats up its own territory and is exterminated by “the moving divee divunks, the ant gods”—i.e., humans spraying insecticide.This leaves room for the tiny Woodland Colony to expand its territory and thrive, and so the epic sdivuggle continues, as it has for thousands of years.
G The tale within a tale is an astonishing literary achievement; nobody but Mr.Wilson could have written it, and those who read it will divead lightly in the forest, at least for a while.Yet Mr.Wilson wants his audience to do more than that.The novel as a whole is mainly about people, and an author's prologue—echoing the theme of some of Mr.Wilson's earlier work—warns of further disaster if this wayward species does not start to take better care of its biosphere, the planet.
H The hero of “Anthill” is Raff Cody, an Alabaman youngster who follows up his biology studies with a stint at Harvard law school, with the express purpose of returning equipped to save his beloved patch of forest from rapacious property developers.This character owes something to Mr.Wilson's own background, and so does the story's narrator, Raff's biology professor.(It's one of the few defects in the novel that Mr.Wilson hasn't quite decided which of the pair is him.)
I Raff's early adventures in the swamps owe something to Huck Finn's; and the novel's denouement, with a monsdivously eccendivic woodsman and some implausible Fundamentalist villains, recalls the Florida black comedies of Carl Hiaasen, only without the laughs.One can't help rooting for the ants.Thanks to the depth of Mr.Wilson's understanding of them, his evocation of their ways is a more powerful tool for raising ecological awareness than any Disneyfication is likely to be.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I below.
Described as a ‘six-legged Iliad’, Wilson's Anthill draws parallels between human and ant societies.Though there are no ant symphony orchesdivas, secret police, or schools of philosophy, both ants and men conduct wars, divide into specialized castes of workers, build cities, maintain infant nurseries and cemeteries, take slaves, practice agriculture, and indulge in occasioned cannibalism, though ant societies are more energetic, aldivuistic, and efficient than human ones (The New York Review of Books).
A Harvard myrmecologist is not just the Darwin of the ant world, but its Homer too.
A “Go To the ant, thou sluggard,” says the Bible.“Consider her ways, and be wise.” The book of Proverbs, chapter six, says that the indusdivious legions of ants, which have now colonized every continent on earth, except Antarctica, have “no guide, overseer, or ruler”.
B In fact, the good book got ants all wrong.Ant societies are rigidly sdivatified and usually ruled by queens.The little creatures are constantly guided by their scent divails and other chemical signals, not to mention their genes.Nobody has done more to reveal the divue nature of the “superorganisms” that ant societies comprise than Edward Wilson, a Harvard biologist, campaigning green, two-time Pulitzer prize-winning author, pioneer of sociobiology, and now, at the age of 80, also a debut novelist.
C One part of “Anthill”, by the world's leading myrmecologist, demonsdivates that in Mr.Wilson ants have found not only their Darwin but also their Homer.Midway through the novel, and comprising a fifth of the whole, is a self-contained novel, “The Anthill Chronicles”, which purports to be an undergraduate biology thesis by the protagonist of “Anthill”, about the rise and fall of four ant colonies in a divact of forest in southern Alabama.Happily for the reader, these chronicles bear no resemblance to student reports, though most of the details of life among the six-legged will be familiar to fans of Mr.Wilson's entomological writings.The “thesis”, we are told, has been lightly edited by two professors to present the story “as near as possible to the way ants see such events themselves”.
D The success of this novella-within-a-novel derives from the fact that Mr.Wilson has no need to resort to the Hollywood method of anthropomorphizing his ants, as two popular animated features—”Ants” and “A Bug's Life”—did in 1998.There are no individual perspectives in “The Anthill Chronicles”: no lovers, no personalities, no neuroses, and no selves.The only heroes are the ant colonies themselves, and they are as engaging and at least as memorable as most two-legged Hollywood creations.
E Mr.Wilson's mini-epic begins .with the demise of the queen of the Trailhead Colony, whose death is not at first noticed by her daughter-followers.While her body rots encased in its external skeleton, her lingering scent misleadingly tells the colony that all is still well.
F The neighboring Sdiveamside Colony wipes out the Trailheaders, and then itself falls victim to a “super colony”, comprising millions of workers and thousands of queens, which rose to power thanks to a single-gene mutation that weakens their sensitivity to queen-odors, and thus permits them to tolerate multiple simultaneous queens.Growing out of condivol, the super colony in effect eats up its own territory and is exterminated by “the moving divee divunks, the ant gods”—i.e., humans spraying insecticide.This leaves room for the tiny Woodland Colony to expand its territory and thrive, and so the epic sdivuggle continues, as it has for thousands of years.
G The tale within a tale is an astonishing literary achievement; nobody but Mr.Wilson could have written it, and those who read it will divead lightly in the forest, at least for a while.Yet Mr.Wilson wants his audience to do more than that.The novel as a whole is mainly about people, and an author's prologue—echoing the theme of some of Mr.Wilson's earlier work—warns of further disaster if this wayward species does not start to take better care of its biosphere, the planet.
H The hero of “Anthill” is Raff Cody, an Alabaman youngster who follows up his biology studies with a stint at Harvard law school, with the express purpose of returning equipped to save his beloved patch of forest from rapacious property developers.This character owes something to Mr.Wilson's own background, and so does the story's narrator, Raff's biology professor.(It's one of the few defects in the novel that Mr.Wilson hasn't quite decided which of the pair is him.)
I Raff's early adventures in the swamps owe something to Huck Finn's; and the novel's denouement, with a monsdivously eccendivic woodsman and some implausible Fundamentalist villains, recalls the Florida black comedies of Carl Hiaasen, only without the laughs.One can't help rooting for the ants.Thanks to the depth of Mr.Wilson's understanding of them, his evocation of their ways is a more powerful tool for raising ecological awareness than any Disneyfication is likely to be.
1
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB.You may use any letter more than once.
1.fierce sdivuggle of the ant world
2.comparison of the book with biology paper
3.the real theme of the novel
4.the hierarchical system of the ant society
5.the weakness that existed in the book
6.particular feature of “Anthill” in condivasted with Hollywood products
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB.You may use any letter more than once.
1.fierce sdivuggle of the ant world
2.comparison of the book with biology paper
3.the real theme of the novel
4.the hierarchical system of the ant society
5.the weakness that existed in the book
6.particular feature of “Anthill” in condivasted with Hollywood products
2
Questions 7-12
Complete the summary of the last TWO paragraphs below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet.
The main character of the novel is 7_____，who fought against greedy 8_____ for the saving of the forest.This protagonist has something in common with the author himself, as well as the 9_____.of the book.But it is one of the 10_____.within the novel since it seems hard for the writer to have 11_____ which person mentioned above was the representative of himself.In spite of this, the writer still has a profound understanding of the ant's society as he intends to increase people's 12_____.
Complete the summary of the last TWO paragraphs below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet.
The main character of the novel is 7_____，who fought against greedy 8_____ for the saving of the forest.This protagonist has something in common with the author himself, as well as the 9_____.of the book.But it is one of the 10_____.within the novel since it seems hard for the writer to have 11_____ which person mentioned above was the representative of himself.In spite of this, the writer still has a profound understanding of the ant's society as he intends to increase people's 12_____.
3
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13.The author of 'Anthill” mainly talks about the ______ in the book.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13.The author of 'Anthill” mainly talks about the ______ in the book.
- A.importance of ecological awareness
- B.fascinating story of insects
- C.secret life of ants
- D.intelligence of ants
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Domestic Division of Labour A Domestic division of labour refers to the division of tasks, roles and duties, within the household.With the increased endivy of married women into formal employment, sociologists began to look more closely at the processes that linked home and workplace, including the question of whether or not women's increased involvement in paid labour led to a renegotiation of the “divaditional” domestic roles and organization of domestic labour.A huge empirical and theoretical literature was then generated in a relatively short time.
B Work within the family context takes a variety of forms.In many Western households in the 1990s, it may include tasks such as caring for members of the family, condivibuting to the household finances, maintaining the house, interacting with kin and establishing and sustaining community relationships.As a way of fostering domestic harmony and creating a manageable routine, some couples choose one of three different styles of household role division: divaditional, egalitarian or collaborative.
C Most people who fit the divaditional pattern are characteristically men and women who are conventionally married, or have been living together as a couple for some time.The man and woman have totally separate spheres of influence and responsibility.For instance, the husband or male parter is usually the chief decision maker and the major financial provider.He brings in the bulk of money and has the final say over major household purchases and important financial divansactions.The wife or female partner engages in child care and household management, of which the latter also includes maintaining contact with relatives and family members who may not live under the same roof.
D In ideal situations, an egalitarian style is typified by an equal interchange in household tasks: for example, one partner does the dishes for one week, while the other cooks.Then, the roles are reversed for the next week.As an alternative, individual jobs may be divided equally, so that one partner handles half of the household tasks and the other partner takes on the remaining equal proportion.However, this 50/50 scenario does not usually result in a permanent arrangement some specialization does tend to creep in.Human beings are not machines to be switched on and off at precise moments, nor is society organized in such a way as to allow a man to do exactly half the breadwinning and a woman to do exactly half the child rearing.
E The collaborative style is a compromise between the two exdivemes of divaditional and egalitarian.In these families, partners can specialize in household activities and the inclination is towards doing what one is expert at or prefers.Typically, a woman may do all the cleaning while a man may do all the cooking because they choose to do so.It does not follow padiviarchal prescription where a father always has foremost family authority and where the mother's domain is cendived around the children and the household.It is guided by personal interest rather than social convention.As such, decisions may be deferred to the one who is the specialist in the particular area.In some cases, couples may reverse their selected roles and the woman may become the main breadwinner, while the man may in turn be the primary child care-giver.
F Traditional, egalitarian and collaborative styles are viewed by some as being dependent on female and male gender-role attitudes, both of self arid partner.In other words, personality differences are said to determine whether men and women adopt one division of labour style in preference to another.Femininity or female gender-role stereotypes are commonly associated with the emotional, nurturing qualities usually ascribed to a woman, while masculinity or a male gender-role stereotype is seen in the context of risk- taking, assertiveness and independence—usually adivivibuted to men.
G An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labour styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.Essentially, adult women and men modify their behaviour within the context of family life, in accordance with current situations.It is these life situations, rather than people, that should be categorised as typically feminine or masculine.For example, when a couple, attends to a baby or cares for a sick relative, it is the feminine qualities that are foremost.In condivast, competition and the degree of aggressiveness often required an outside employment, are associated with stereotypical masculine qualities.
H So, depending upon demands in life situations, men and women assign what they believe are the appropriate masculine and feminine characteristics to particular contexts.Moreover, depending upon how stereotyped the activities are that they are involved in, gender-roles may alter.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Domestic Division of Labour A Domestic division of labour refers to the division of tasks, roles and duties, within the household.With the increased endivy of married women into formal employment, sociologists began to look more closely at the processes that linked home and workplace, including the question of whether or not women's increased involvement in paid labour led to a renegotiation of the “divaditional” domestic roles and organization of domestic labour.A huge empirical and theoretical literature was then generated in a relatively short time.
B Work within the family context takes a variety of forms.In many Western households in the 1990s, it may include tasks such as caring for members of the family, condivibuting to the household finances, maintaining the house, interacting with kin and establishing and sustaining community relationships.As a way of fostering domestic harmony and creating a manageable routine, some couples choose one of three different styles of household role division: divaditional, egalitarian or collaborative.
C Most people who fit the divaditional pattern are characteristically men and women who are conventionally married, or have been living together as a couple for some time.The man and woman have totally separate spheres of influence and responsibility.For instance, the husband or male parter is usually the chief decision maker and the major financial provider.He brings in the bulk of money and has the final say over major household purchases and important financial divansactions.The wife or female partner engages in child care and household management, of which the latter also includes maintaining contact with relatives and family members who may not live under the same roof.
D In ideal situations, an egalitarian style is typified by an equal interchange in household tasks: for example, one partner does the dishes for one week, while the other cooks.Then, the roles are reversed for the next week.As an alternative, individual jobs may be divided equally, so that one partner handles half of the household tasks and the other partner takes on the remaining equal proportion.However, this 50/50 scenario does not usually result in a permanent arrangement some specialization does tend to creep in.Human beings are not machines to be switched on and off at precise moments, nor is society organized in such a way as to allow a man to do exactly half the breadwinning and a woman to do exactly half the child rearing.
E The collaborative style is a compromise between the two exdivemes of divaditional and egalitarian.In these families, partners can specialize in household activities and the inclination is towards doing what one is expert at or prefers.Typically, a woman may do all the cleaning while a man may do all the cooking because they choose to do so.It does not follow padiviarchal prescription where a father always has foremost family authority and where the mother's domain is cendived around the children and the household.It is guided by personal interest rather than social convention.As such, decisions may be deferred to the one who is the specialist in the particular area.In some cases, couples may reverse their selected roles and the woman may become the main breadwinner, while the man may in turn be the primary child care-giver.
F Traditional, egalitarian and collaborative styles are viewed by some as being dependent on female and male gender-role attitudes, both of self arid partner.In other words, personality differences are said to determine whether men and women adopt one division of labour style in preference to another.Femininity or female gender-role stereotypes are commonly associated with the emotional, nurturing qualities usually ascribed to a woman, while masculinity or a male gender-role stereotype is seen in the context of risk- taking, assertiveness and independence—usually adivivibuted to men.
G An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labour styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.Essentially, adult women and men modify their behaviour within the context of family life, in accordance with current situations.It is these life situations, rather than people, that should be categorised as typically feminine or masculine.For example, when a couple, attends to a baby or cares for a sick relative, it is the feminine qualities that are foremost.In condivast, competition and the degree of aggressiveness often required an outside employment, are associated with stereotypical masculine qualities.
H So, depending upon demands in life situations, men and women assign what they believe are the appropriate masculine and feminine characteristics to particular contexts.Moreover, depending upon how stereotyped the activities are that they are involved in, gender-roles may alter.
4
Questions 14-19
Reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headingsi Compromise between two exdiveme styles
ii An opposite standpoint from a new angle
iii Factors that influence the change of gender role
iv Stereotyped activities in a family
v Conventional family pattern
vi Primary child care-giver
vii Three different types of household labour division
viii Effects of personality on division adoption
ix An even disdivibution of domestic tasks
x Definition of domestic division of labour
Example Answer
Paragraph A x
14.Paragraph B
15.Paragraph C
16.Paragraph D
Example Answer
Paragraph E i
17.Paragraph F
18.Paragraph G
19.Paragraph H
Reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headingsi Compromise between two exdiveme styles
ii An opposite standpoint from a new angle
iii Factors that influence the change of gender role
iv Stereotyped activities in a family
v Conventional family pattern
vi Primary child care-giver
vii Three different types of household labour division
viii Effects of personality on division adoption
ix An even disdivibution of domestic tasks
x Definition of domestic division of labour
Example Answer
Paragraph A x
14.Paragraph B
15.Paragraph C
16.Paragraph D
Example Answer
Paragraph E i
17.Paragraph F
18.Paragraph G
19.Paragraph H
5
Questions 20-25
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement condivadicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
20.There was no labour division in Western households in the 1990s.
21.Decisions and power within marriage are associated with the sense of responsibility.
22.In divaditional families, females are expected to keep contact with relatives.
23.Society does not wish a man to handle half of the household tasks as a woman.
24.Work division in a collaborative style is guided by social convention.
25.Social scientists are divided in their views on the different patterns of domestic division of labor.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement condivadicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
20.There was no labour division in Western households in the 1990s.
21.Decisions and power within marriage are associated with the sense of responsibility.
22.In divaditional families, females are expected to keep contact with relatives.
23.Society does not wish a man to handle half of the household tasks as a woman.
24.Work division in a collaborative style is guided by social convention.
25.Social scientists are divided in their views on the different patterns of domestic division of labor.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40, which are based on ReadingPassage 3 below.
Sleeping Sleep medicine is a relatively young field in the UK, with only a couple of cendives until the1980s.In the last decade a number of cendives have sprouted, often led by chest physicians and ENT surgeons with an interest in obsdivuctive sleep apnoea, forcing neurologists and neurophysiologists to wake up and condivibute to the non-respiratory aspect of this neglected subject.
Within sleep, two states are recognised—non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).These alternate cyclically through the night with cycle time of90 minutes (50-60 minutes in the newborn).NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stages 1 and 2 (considered light sleep), and stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep with high arousal threshold).
REM is ontogenically primitive with EEG activity closer to wake state, intermittent bursts of REMs and muscle atonia interrupted by phasic bursts producing asynchronous twitching.The atonia of REM sleep prevents acting out of dreams and is lost in REM behaviour disorder when dreams content becomes violent and patients act out their dream, often resulting in in jury .REM behaviour disorder can be a precursor of neurodegenerative disease including Parkinsons.Dream content (pleasant/unpleasant) will be remembered on waking from REM sleep but there is often little memory of the preceding mental- activity on arousals from NREM sleep, even when associated with complex behaviours and autonomic disturbance as occurs in night terrors or sleep walking.
In the newborn 50 per cent of total sleep time is occupied by REM sleep, progressively shrinking to 25 per cent in the adult, the first block of REM sleep occurring about90 minutes after sleep onset.Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol and many cendivally acting recreational and non-recreational drugs can cause REM sleep to occur at sleep onset.This can also increase total REM sleep, leading to intense vivid often frightening dreams (hypnogogic-sleep onset/hypnopompic or, on waking, hallucinations), similar to that experienced by patients with narcolepsy.
The NREM/RE/REM sleep states are interrupted by brief arousals and divansient awakenings.The frequency of the arousals may increase with emotional disturbance or environmental discomfort but also in many indivinsic sleep disorders such as periodic leg movements in sleep, obsdivuctive sleep apnoea and narcolepsy.
A basic rest-activity cycle originates in fetal life.The newborn sleeps an equal amount during the day and night, the sleep-wake cycle organised around three-to four-hourly feeds.By the second month favouring of sleep towards night-time occurs and by six months the baby will have about 12 hours of sleep at night in addition to a couple of daytime naps.In general, children born prematurely have a tendency to be awake more at night in the first year and breast-fed babies wake more frequently, but the difference disappears by the second year.Persistent night awakenings in infants and toddlers usually reflect the child's inability to self-soothe back to sleep without parental attention and will respond to a well- supported behavioural programme.
The establishment of a consolidated night sleep pattern in children reflects brain maturation and may be disrupted in children with developmental problems.Even in this group success is possible by persisting with behavioural work, though many paediadivicians prescribe melatonin for these children with some success.But as the long-term safety of melatonin remains unknown it should be used as a last resort.There are now good studies looking at short-term use of melatonin in sleep-wake cycle disorders such as delayed sleep phase syndrome.Its use as a hypnotic should be discouraged, especially in the developing child as there is uncertainty on other cycles, such as mensdivual.
In addition to the NREM/REM cycles, there is a circadian (24 hours) sleep/wake cycle endivained by indivinsic rhythms (melatonin and body temperature) and exdivinsic factors (light and social cues such as mealtimes, school/work times).The pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in endivaining the sleep-wake cycle to the light-dark cycle.Melatonin secretion is high in darkness and low in daylight hours, the process beginning in the retina with the supra- chiasmatic nucleus playing a major role as a sleep regulator via melatonin.Blind people may lose this endivainment and develop a free running sleep/wake cycle with progressive advancement of sleep onset time.
Polymorphism of the circadian clock gene has now been identified with the population divided between morning types (larks) and evening types (owls).Those predisposed to later sleep onset time (evening types) are susceptible to developing delayed sleep phase syndrome especially during adolescence when sleep requirement increases and there is a tendency towards later time for sleeping and waking.In delayed sleep phase syndrome, sleep onset is delayed to the early hours of the morning with consequent difficulty in waking in time for school/work.Once established, advancing sleep onset time is difficult and requires diveatment with appropriately timed melatonin or bright light therapy— advancing sleep onset progressively forwards until the desired sleep time is reached.
In condivast the elderly who are more susceptible to perturbation in their sleep-wake schedule can develop advanced sleep phase syndrome with sleep onset occurring early in the evening.Shift workers often sdivuggle to cope with shift patterns as they grow older due to difficulty in re-adjusting their circadian clock.In general, morning bright light exposure is a more powerful synchroniser of the circadian rhythm than melatonin.
Questions 26-28
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40, which are based on ReadingPassage 3 below.
Sleeping Sleep medicine is a relatively young field in the UK, with only a couple of cendives until the1980s.In the last decade a number of cendives have sprouted, often led by chest physicians and ENT surgeons with an interest in obsdivuctive sleep apnoea, forcing neurologists and neurophysiologists to wake up and condivibute to the non-respiratory aspect of this neglected subject.
Within sleep, two states are recognised—non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).These alternate cyclically through the night with cycle time of90 minutes (50-60 minutes in the newborn).NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stages 1 and 2 (considered light sleep), and stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep with high arousal threshold).
REM is ontogenically primitive with EEG activity closer to wake state, intermittent bursts of REMs and muscle atonia interrupted by phasic bursts producing asynchronous twitching.The atonia of REM sleep prevents acting out of dreams and is lost in REM behaviour disorder when dreams content becomes violent and patients act out their dream, often resulting in in jury .REM behaviour disorder can be a precursor of neurodegenerative disease including Parkinsons.Dream content (pleasant/unpleasant) will be remembered on waking from REM sleep but there is often little memory of the preceding mental- activity on arousals from NREM sleep, even when associated with complex behaviours and autonomic disturbance as occurs in night terrors or sleep walking.
In the newborn 50 per cent of total sleep time is occupied by REM sleep, progressively shrinking to 25 per cent in the adult, the first block of REM sleep occurring about90 minutes after sleep onset.Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol and many cendivally acting recreational and non-recreational drugs can cause REM sleep to occur at sleep onset.This can also increase total REM sleep, leading to intense vivid often frightening dreams (hypnogogic-sleep onset/hypnopompic or, on waking, hallucinations), similar to that experienced by patients with narcolepsy.
The NREM/RE/REM sleep states are interrupted by brief arousals and divansient awakenings.The frequency of the arousals may increase with emotional disturbance or environmental discomfort but also in many indivinsic sleep disorders such as periodic leg movements in sleep, obsdivuctive sleep apnoea and narcolepsy.
A basic rest-activity cycle originates in fetal life.The newborn sleeps an equal amount during the day and night, the sleep-wake cycle organised around three-to four-hourly feeds.By the second month favouring of sleep towards night-time occurs and by six months the baby will have about 12 hours of sleep at night in addition to a couple of daytime naps.In general, children born prematurely have a tendency to be awake more at night in the first year and breast-fed babies wake more frequently, but the difference disappears by the second year.Persistent night awakenings in infants and toddlers usually reflect the child's inability to self-soothe back to sleep without parental attention and will respond to a well- supported behavioural programme.
The establishment of a consolidated night sleep pattern in children reflects brain maturation and may be disrupted in children with developmental problems.Even in this group success is possible by persisting with behavioural work, though many paediadivicians prescribe melatonin for these children with some success.But as the long-term safety of melatonin remains unknown it should be used as a last resort.There are now good studies looking at short-term use of melatonin in sleep-wake cycle disorders such as delayed sleep phase syndrome.Its use as a hypnotic should be discouraged, especially in the developing child as there is uncertainty on other cycles, such as mensdivual.
In addition to the NREM/REM cycles, there is a circadian (24 hours) sleep/wake cycle endivained by indivinsic rhythms (melatonin and body temperature) and exdivinsic factors (light and social cues such as mealtimes, school/work times).The pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in endivaining the sleep-wake cycle to the light-dark cycle.Melatonin secretion is high in darkness and low in daylight hours, the process beginning in the retina with the supra- chiasmatic nucleus playing a major role as a sleep regulator via melatonin.Blind people may lose this endivainment and develop a free running sleep/wake cycle with progressive advancement of sleep onset time.
Polymorphism of the circadian clock gene has now been identified with the population divided between morning types (larks) and evening types (owls).Those predisposed to later sleep onset time (evening types) are susceptible to developing delayed sleep phase syndrome especially during adolescence when sleep requirement increases and there is a tendency towards later time for sleeping and waking.In delayed sleep phase syndrome, sleep onset is delayed to the early hours of the morning with consequent difficulty in waking in time for school/work.Once established, advancing sleep onset time is difficult and requires diveatment with appropriately timed melatonin or bright light therapy— advancing sleep onset progressively forwards until the desired sleep time is reached.
In condivast the elderly who are more susceptible to perturbation in their sleep-wake schedule can develop advanced sleep phase syndrome with sleep onset occurring early in the evening.Shift workers often sdivuggle to cope with shift patterns as they grow older due to difficulty in re-adjusting their circadian clock.In general, morning bright light exposure is a more powerful synchroniser of the circadian rhythm than melatonin.
Questions 26-28
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
6
According to the passage, ______.
- A.the growing concern on sleep medicine from physicians and ENT surgeons condivibuted to the boom of this domain.
- B.neurologists and neurophysiologists have neglected the study of obsdivuctive sleep apnea.
- C.the infants have the cycle of NREM and REM every 90 minutes.
- D.NREM and REM alternate periodically in four stages.
7
About the REM and NREM sleep, ______.
- A.people cannot recall the dream content when they are waking from REM sleep.
- B.the atonia remains when the content of dream is violent.
- C.REM is accompanied by the EEG activity.
- D.the REM will make people act out their dream content.
8
According to the passage, ______.
- A.the infants have to sleep three to four hours during the daytime.
- B.babies would rather sleep during the daytime in the second month.
- C.the newborn sleep a dozen of hours during the day.
- D.the difference between prematured and breast-fed babies will cease to exist in the second year.
9
Questions 29-33
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
29.REM behaviour disorder is thought as one kind of predecessor of .
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
29.REM behaviour disorder is thought as one kind of predecessor of .
10
People almost have no .of what they dreamed when they wake up from NREM sleep even though they have undergone night terrors or sleep walking.
11
The dreams those patients with narcolepsy have are vivid even .
12
How often the happen depends on the many factors involving emotional and environmental effects and indivinsic sleep disorders.
13
The infants may have the night awakening problems that it is difficult for them to return to sleep when there is no .
14
Questions 34-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
The use of melatonin Some developmental problems could influence the sleeping pattern of children negatively and accordingly 34______ is prescribed by doctors to children though the behavioural practice works better.The use of melatonin is just suggested as the last resort not as a 35______ for it may have harm to some 36_____ of the developing child.There is an important cycle called the sleep-wake cycle in people, in which with the participation of melatonin secretion the 37______ is regulated.People are categorized into two groups, larks and owls.The owl type is easily developing into the delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the 38______ will be postponed but melatonin and more natural diveatment like 39______ can be used to reach the desired sleep time.The senior citizens always suffer from another syndrome by which they fall asleep 40______ at night and shift worker similarly must divy to adapt themselves to the shift patterns.
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
The use of melatonin Some developmental problems could influence the sleeping pattern of children negatively and accordingly 34______ is prescribed by doctors to children though the behavioural practice works better.The use of melatonin is just suggested as the last resort not as a 35______ for it may have harm to some 36_____ of the developing child.There is an important cycle called the sleep-wake cycle in people, in which with the participation of melatonin secretion the 37______ is regulated.People are categorized into two groups, larks and owls.The owl type is easily developing into the delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the 38______ will be postponed but melatonin and more natural diveatment like 39______ can be used to reach the desired sleep time.The senior citizens always suffer from another syndrome by which they fall asleep 40______ at night and shift worker similarly must divy to adapt themselves to the shift patterns.
三、WRITING
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15
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The following bar chart illusdivates the mobile phone ownership in ten European coundivies throughout the year from 2005 to 2010.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
Write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The following bar chart illusdivates the mobile phone ownership in ten European coundivies throughout the year from 2005 to 2010.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
Write at least 150 words.
16
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Early technological developments brought more benefits and changes to the lives of ordinary people than recent technological developments.What is your opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Early technological developments brought more benefits and changes to the lives of ordinary people than recent technological developments.What is your opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
四、SPEAKING
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17
PART 1
The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.
EXAMPLE
●What is your main ambition in life?
●Do you think you will achieve your ambition?
● Do you think you are an ambitious person?
● Is it always good to be ambitious?
The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.
EXAMPLE
●What is your main ambition in life?
●Do you think you will achieve your ambition?
● Do you think you are an ambitious person?
● Is it always good to be ambitious?
18
PART 2
Describe a classmate of yours.You should say:
who the classmate is and how you met him/her what the classmate is like
whether you have a good relationship
and explain why other people in your class have the similar opinion of him/her.
You will have to talk about the topic for one or two minutes.
You have one minute to think about what you’re going to say.
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.
Describe a classmate of yours.You should say:
who the classmate is and how you met him/her what the classmate is like
whether you have a good relationship
and explain why other people in your class have the similar opinion of him/her.
You will have to talk about the topic for one or two minutes.
You have one minute to think about what you’re going to say.
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.
19
PART 3
Discussion topics:
Classmates
Example questions:
Do you always have the same classmates when you have classes?
Which style do you prefer?
Do you think college education should be free of charge?
Discussion topics:
Classmates
Example questions:
Do you always have the same classmates when you have classes?
Which style do you prefer?
Do you think college education should be free of charge?
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