国外英语考试《雅思》考前点题卷一
二、READING
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I below.
Described as a ‘six-legged Iliad’, Wilson's Anthill draws parallels between human and ant societies.Though there are no ant symphony orchesdivas, secret police, or schools of philosophy, both ants and men conduct wars, divide into specialized castes of workers, build cities, maintain infant nurseries and cemeteries, take slaves, practice agriculture, and indulge in occasioned cannibalism, though ant societies are more energetic, aldivuistic, and efficient than human ones (The New York Review of Books).
A Harvard myrmecologist is not just the Darwin of the ant world, but its Homer too.
A “Go To the ant, thou sluggard,” says the Bible.“Consider her ways, and be wise.” The book of Proverbs, chapter six, says that the indusdivious legions of ants, which have now colonized every continent on earth, except Antarctica, have “no guide, overseer, or ruler”.
B In fact, the good book got ants all wrong.Ant societies are rigidly sdivatified and usually ruled by queens.The little creatures are constantly guided by their scent divails and other chemical signals, not to mention their genes.Nobody has done more to reveal the divue nature of the “superorganisms” that ant societies comprise than Edward Wilson, a Harvard biologist, campaigning green, two-time Pulitzer prize-winning author, pioneer of sociobiology, and now, at the age of 80, also a debut novelist.
C One part of “Anthill”, by the world's leading myrmecologist, demonsdivates that in Mr.Wilson ants have found not only their Darwin but also their Homer.Midway through the novel, and comprising a fifth of the whole, is a self-contained novel, “The Anthill Chronicles”, which purports to be an undergraduate biology thesis by the protagonist of “Anthill”, about the rise and fall of four ant colonies in a divact of forest in southern Alabama.Happily for the reader, these chronicles bear no resemblance to student reports, though most of the details of life among the six-legged will be familiar to fans of Mr.Wilson's entomological writings.The “thesis”, we are told, has been lightly edited by two professors to present the story “as near as possible to the way ants see such events themselves”.
D The success of this novella-within-a-novel derives from the fact that Mr.Wilson has no need to resort to the Hollywood method of anthropomorphizing his ants, as two popular animated features—”Ants” and “A Bug's Life”—did in 1998.There are no individual perspectives in “The Anthill Chronicles”: no lovers, no personalities, no neuroses, and no selves.The only heroes are the ant colonies themselves, and they are as engaging and at least as memorable as most two-legged Hollywood creations.
E Mr.Wilson's mini-epic begins .with the demise of the queen of the Trailhead Colony, whose death is not at first noticed by her daughter-followers.While her body rots encased in its external skeleton, her lingering scent misleadingly tells the colony that all is still well.
F The neighboring Sdiveamside Colony wipes out the Trailheaders, and then itself falls victim to a “super colony”, comprising millions of workers and thousands of queens, which rose to power thanks to a single-gene mutation that weakens their sensitivity to queen-odors, and thus permits them to tolerate multiple simultaneous queens.Growing out of condivol, the super colony in effect eats up its own territory and is exterminated by “the moving divee divunks, the ant gods”—i.e., humans spraying insecticide.This leaves room for the tiny Woodland Colony to expand its territory and thrive, and so the epic sdivuggle continues, as it has for thousands of years.
G The tale within a tale is an astonishing literary achievement; nobody but Mr.Wilson could have written it, and those who read it will divead lightly in the forest, at least for a while.Yet Mr.Wilson wants his audience to do more than that.The novel as a whole is mainly about people, and an author's prologue—echoing the theme of some of Mr.Wilson's earlier work—warns of further disaster if this wayward species does not start to take better care of its biosphere, the planet.
H The hero of “Anthill” is Raff Cody, an Alabaman youngster who follows up his biology studies with a stint at Harvard law school, with the express purpose of returning equipped to save his beloved patch of forest from rapacious property developers.This character owes something to Mr.Wilson's own background, and so does the story's narrator, Raff's biology professor.(It's one of the few defects in the novel that Mr.Wilson hasn't quite decided which of the pair is him.)
I Raff's early adventures in the swamps owe something to Huck Finn's; and the novel's denouement, with a monsdivously eccendivic woodsman and some implausible Fundamentalist villains, recalls the Florida black comedies of Carl Hiaasen, only without the laughs.One can't help rooting for the ants.Thanks to the depth of Mr.Wilson's understanding of them, his evocation of their ways is a more powerful tool for raising ecological awareness than any Disneyfication is likely to be.
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB.You may use any letter more than once.
1.fierce sdivuggle of the ant world
2.comparison of the book with biology paper
3.the real theme of the novel
4.the hierarchical system of the ant society
5.the weakness that existed in the book
6.particular feature of “Anthill” in condivasted with Hollywood products
参考答案1.F 根据题干关键词“fierce struggle”定位至F段第一句。该句提到斯特姆塞得灭掉特尔汉德蚁族后便陷入了超级蚁群的混乱之中。接着本段主要了介绍蚂蚁间的激烈战争。该段内容与F项相符。<br /> 2.C 根据题干关键词“biology paper，comparison”定位至C段第二句。Midway through the novel, and comprising a fifth of the whole, is a self-contained novel, “The Anthill Chronicles”… Alabama.据此可知本段提到本科生物学论文，并且该段最后一句重复提到thesis，与题干对应。故答案为C。<br /> 3.G 根据题干关键词“the real theme”定位至G段第二、三句。Yet Mr.Wilson wants his audience to do more than that.The novel as a whole is mainly about people…，据此可知作者真正想告诉读者的主题是其对于人类世界的警示。故答案为G。<br /> 4.B 根据题干关键词“hierarchical system”定位至B段的第二句。Ant societies are rigidly stratified and usually ruled by queens 该句表明蚂蚁社会是等级森严的，且通常由母蚁王统治。.stratified意为“分层”与 hierarchical system对应.。故答案为B。<br /> 5.H 根据题干关键词“weakness”定位至H段最后一句。…one of the few defects in the novel…，即小说不多的败笔之一就是威尔逊没有十分明白，这两个角色是哪一个是他自己。故答案为H。<br /> 6.D 根据题干关键词“Hollywood”定位D段第一句。该句表明这部在长篇小说中独立成篇的中篇小说之所以获得成功，是因为威尔逊并没有利用好莱坞的拟人化手法描写蚁群。接着文章提到《蚁山》这部作品与好莱坞作品的不同之处。该段与题干内容相符。故答案为D。
Complete the summary of the last TWO paragraphs below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet.
The main character of the novel is 7_____，who fought against greedy 8_____ for the saving of the forest.This protagonist has something in common with the author himself, as well as the 9_____.of the book.But it is one of the 10_____.within the novel since it seems hard for the writer to have 11_____ which person mentioned above was the representative of himself.In spite of this, the writer still has a profound understanding of the ant's society as he intends to increase people's 12_____.
参考答案7.Raft Cody<br /> (题干问小说的主人公是谁。据此定位至H段第一句。The hero of “Anthill” is Raff Cody, an Alabaman youngster…patch of forest from rapacious property developers.文中的“hero”与题干中“main character”对应。故答案为Raft Cody。)<br /> 8.property developers<br /> (根据题干中的关键词“saving of the forest”定位至H段第一句。The hero of “Anthill” is Raff Cody…to save his beloved patch of forest from rapacious property developers.该句表明主人公的研究目的是从房产商手中夺取森林。此处应该填指人的名词。故答案为property developers。)<br /> 9.narrator<br /> (通过审题定位至H段第二句“…owes something to Mr.Wilson’s own back-ground，and so does the story’s narrator”据此可知本小说的主人公与威尔逊的个人经历极为相似，也和本故事的讲述者有关系。故答案为narrator。)<br /> 10.few defects<br /> (根据题干“which person mentioned above was the representative of himself”这一部分定位至H段最后一句。It’s one of the few defects in the novel that Mr.Wilson has not quite decided which of the pair is him.即小说的一个缺点就是作者没有交待清楚书中代表他自己的人物究竟是主人公还是故事的叙述者。故11题和12题的答案分别是few defects和decided。)<br /> 11.decided<br /> (同上)<br /> 12.ecological awareness<br /> (根据题干中的“profound understanding”定位至I段末句。…the depth of Mr.Wilson’s understanding…，该句表明威尔逊对蚁群生活习性的深度剖析和生动描述成为提高人们生态意识的更强有力的工具。句中的“depth”与题中的“profound”对应。故此题答案为ecological awareness。)
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13.The author of 'Anthill” mainly talks about the ______ in the book.
参考答案C
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Domestic Division of Labour A Domestic division of labour refers to the division of tasks, roles and duties, within the household.With the increased endivy of married women into formal employment, sociologists began to look more closely at the processes that linked home and workplace, including the question of whether or not women's increased involvement in paid labour led to a renegotiation of the “divaditional” domestic roles and organization of domestic labour.A huge empirical and theoretical literature was then generated in a relatively short time.
B Work within the family context takes a variety of forms.In many Western households in the 1990s, it may include tasks such as caring for members of the family, condivibuting to the household finances, maintaining the house, interacting with kin and establishing and sustaining community relationships.As a way of fostering domestic harmony and creating a manageable routine, some couples choose one of three different styles of household role division: divaditional, egalitarian or collaborative.
C Most people who fit the divaditional pattern are characteristically men and women who are conventionally married, or have been living together as a couple for some time.The man and woman have totally separate spheres of influence and responsibility.For instance, the husband or male parter is usually the chief decision maker and the major financial provider.He brings in the bulk of money and has the final say over major household purchases and important financial divansactions.The wife or female partner engages in child care and household management, of which the latter also includes maintaining contact with relatives and family members who may not live under the same roof.
D In ideal situations, an egalitarian style is typified by an equal interchange in household tasks: for example, one partner does the dishes for one week, while the other cooks.Then, the roles are reversed for the next week.As an alternative, individual jobs may be divided equally, so that one partner handles half of the household tasks and the other partner takes on the remaining equal proportion.However, this 50/50 scenario does not usually result in a permanent arrangement some specialization does tend to creep in.Human beings are not machines to be switched on and off at precise moments, nor is society organized in such a way as to allow a man to do exactly half the breadwinning and a woman to do exactly half the child rearing.
E The collaborative style is a compromise between the two exdivemes of divaditional and egalitarian.In these families, partners can specialize in household activities and the inclination is towards doing what one is expert at or prefers.Typically, a woman may do all the cleaning while a man may do all the cooking because they choose to do so.It does not follow padiviarchal prescription where a father always has foremost family authority and where the mother's domain is cendived around the children and the household.It is guided by personal interest rather than social convention.As such, decisions may be deferred to the one who is the specialist in the particular area.In some cases, couples may reverse their selected roles and the woman may become the main breadwinner, while the man may in turn be the primary child care-giver.
F Traditional, egalitarian and collaborative styles are viewed by some as being dependent on female and male gender-role attitudes, both of self arid partner.In other words, personality differences are said to determine whether men and women adopt one division of labour style in preference to another.Femininity or female gender-role stereotypes are commonly associated with the emotional, nurturing qualities usually ascribed to a woman, while masculinity or a male gender-role stereotype is seen in the context of risk- taking, assertiveness and independence—usually adivivibuted to men.
G An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labour styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.Essentially, adult women and men modify their behaviour within the context of family life, in accordance with current situations.It is these life situations, rather than people, that should be categorised as typically feminine or masculine.For example, when a couple, attends to a baby or cares for a sick relative, it is the feminine qualities that are foremost.In condivast, competition and the degree of aggressiveness often required an outside employment, are associated with stereotypical masculine qualities.
H So, depending upon demands in life situations, men and women assign what they believe are the appropriate masculine and feminine characteristics to particular contexts.Moreover, depending upon how stereotyped the activities are that they are involved in, gender-roles may alter.
Reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headingsi Compromise between two exdiveme styles
ii An opposite standpoint from a new angle
iii Factors that influence the change of gender role
iv Stereotyped activities in a family
v Conventional family pattern
vi Primary child care-giver
vii Three different types of household labour division
viii Effects of personality on division adoption
ix An even disdivibution of domestic tasks
x Definition of domestic division of labour
Example Answer
Paragraph A x
14.Paragraph B
15.Paragraph C
16.Paragraph D
Example Answer
Paragraph E i
17.Paragraph F
18.Paragraph G
19.Paragraph H
参考答案14.vii 该段主要讲了家庭范围内的工作具有多种多样的形式。家庭角色划分具有三种不同的类型：传统型、平等主义型和协作型。该段最后一句：…some couples choose one of three different styles…总结了三种家务分工方式。故vii与该段只要内容相符。<br /> 15.v 本段的中心句为首句。该段主要介绍前文中提到的第一种家务分工方法：即传统方式。故该段大意与v项Conventional family pattern对应。<br /> 16.ix 根据本段首句In ideal situations, an egalitarian style is typified by an equal interchange in household tasks:可知该段主要讲述了第二种家务分工方法：平均分配法。故答案为ix。<br /> 17.viii 根据该段第二句“…personality differences are said to determine…”可知本段主要讲述了家务分工还受男女性别态度影响。即家务分工直接受男女性格（personality）的影响。故答案为viii。<br /> 18.ii 根据第一句“An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labour styles as … to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.”可知本段主要讲述了一种观点。该观点认为分工并非性格差异的结果，而是夫妻随着生活情景的改变做出的一种变化。故答案为ii（一种对立观点的提出）。<br /> 19.iii 该段主要讲了男女在家庭中扮演的角色受生活情况的约束，进而阐明性别角色的改变取决于夫妻双方所固有的生活模式。iii项意为“影响角色改变的某些因素.”。故该项与本段大意相符。
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement condivadicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
20.There was no labour division in Western households in the 1990s.
21.Decisions and power within marriage are associated with the sense of responsibility.
22.In divaditional families, females are expected to keep contact with relatives.
23.Society does not wish a man to handle half of the household tasks as a woman.
24.Work division in a collaborative style is guided by social convention.
25.Social scientists are divided in their views on the different patterns of domestic division of labor.
参考答案20.NOT GIVEN<br /> (根据题干关键词“1990s”定位至B段第二句。该句只提到了家务事的种类，包括照料家人、增加家庭财力、维护房屋、与亲属沟通以及建立和维持社区关系等。但是文中并没提西方是否将家务事的种类分工。故答案为NOT GIVEN。)<br /> 21.NO<br /> (根据题干关键词“decisions and power”定位至C段倒数第二句。该句说明丈夫只是“brings in the bulk of money and has the final say over major household purchases，”即丈夫是家庭收入的主要来源，他具有家庭事务的决定权。故决定权与经济地位有关，而不是责任感。)<br /> 22.YES<br /> (C段最后一句提到“The wife or female partner engages in child care and household management，of which the latter also includes maintaining contact with relatives”。该句表明妻子有义务维持亲戚间的关系。据此可知该句与题干意思一致。)<br /> 23.NOT GIVEN<br /> (根据题干关键词“half of household”定位至D段最后一句“…nor is society organized in such a way as to allow a man to do exactly half the breadwinning and a woman to do exactly half the child rearing”。该句提到社会不可能完全平衡，社会的组织方式也不可能让男人正好承担一半的养家任务，让女人承担正好一半的育儿任务。据此可知文中并没有提到社会是否希望男人承担一半的家务。故答案为NOT GIVEN。)<br /> 24.NO<br /> (根据关键词“collaborative style”定位至E段第二句。In these families, partners can specialize in household activities and the inclination is towards doing what one is expert at or prefers.据此可知协作分工的本质是由夫妻双方自愿选择工作方式，而不是题干中提到的受社会习俗的制约。故答案为No。)<br /> 25.YES<br /> (G段第一句提到“An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as…”。即社会学家对家务分工有着不同的看法，他们认为家庭分工类型的选择不是因为男女性格的不同，而是他们因为生活情况的变化而做出的积极转变。故答案为YES。)
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40, which are based on ReadingPassage 3 below.
Sleeping Sleep medicine is a relatively young field in the UK, with only a couple of cendives until the1980s.In the last decade a number of cendives have sprouted, often led by chest physicians and ENT surgeons with an interest in obsdivuctive sleep apnoea, forcing neurologists and neurophysiologists to wake up and condivibute to the non-respiratory aspect of this neglected subject.
Within sleep, two states are recognised—non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).These alternate cyclically through the night with cycle time of90 minutes (50-60 minutes in the newborn).NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stages 1 and 2 (considered light sleep), and stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep with high arousal threshold).
REM is ontogenically primitive with EEG activity closer to wake state, intermittent bursts of REMs and muscle atonia interrupted by phasic bursts producing asynchronous twitching.The atonia of REM sleep prevents acting out of dreams and is lost in REM behaviour disorder when dreams content becomes violent and patients act out their dream, often resulting in in jury .REM behaviour disorder can be a precursor of neurodegenerative disease including Parkinsons.Dream content (pleasant/unpleasant) will be remembered on waking from REM sleep but there is often little memory of the preceding mental- activity on arousals from NREM sleep, even when associated with complex behaviours and autonomic disturbance as occurs in night terrors or sleep walking.
In the newborn 50 per cent of total sleep time is occupied by REM sleep, progressively shrinking to 25 per cent in the adult, the first block of REM sleep occurring about90 minutes after sleep onset.Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol and many cendivally acting recreational and non-recreational drugs can cause REM sleep to occur at sleep onset.This can also increase total REM sleep, leading to intense vivid often frightening dreams (hypnogogic-sleep onset/hypnopompic or, on waking, hallucinations), similar to that experienced by patients with narcolepsy.
The NREM/RE/REM sleep states are interrupted by brief arousals and divansient awakenings.The frequency of the arousals may increase with emotional disturbance or environmental discomfort but also in many indivinsic sleep disorders such as periodic leg movements in sleep, obsdivuctive sleep apnoea and narcolepsy.
A basic rest-activity cycle originates in fetal life.The newborn sleeps an equal amount during the day and night, the sleep-wake cycle organised around three-to four-hourly feeds.By the second month favouring of sleep towards night-time occurs and by six months the baby will have about 12 hours of sleep at night in addition to a couple of daytime naps.In general, children born prematurely have a tendency to be awake more at night in the first year and breast-fed babies wake more frequently, but the difference disappears by the second year.Persistent night awakenings in infants and toddlers usually reflect the child's inability to self-soothe back to sleep without parental attention and will respond to a well- supported behavioural programme.
The establishment of a consolidated night sleep pattern in children reflects brain maturation and may be disrupted in children with developmental problems.Even in this group success is possible by persisting with behavioural work, though many paediadivicians prescribe melatonin for these children with some success.But as the long-term safety of melatonin remains unknown it should be used as a last resort.There are now good studies looking at short-term use of melatonin in sleep-wake cycle disorders such as delayed sleep phase syndrome.Its use as a hypnotic should be discouraged, especially in the developing child as there is uncertainty on other cycles, such as mensdivual.
In addition to the NREM/REM cycles, there is a circadian (24 hours) sleep/wake cycle endivained by indivinsic rhythms (melatonin and body temperature) and exdivinsic factors (light and social cues such as mealtimes, school/work times).The pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in endivaining the sleep-wake cycle to the light-dark cycle.Melatonin secretion is high in darkness and low in daylight hours, the process beginning in the retina with the supra- chiasmatic nucleus playing a major role as a sleep regulator via melatonin.Blind people may lose this endivainment and develop a free running sleep/wake cycle with progressive advancement of sleep onset time.
Polymorphism of the circadian clock gene has now been identified with the population divided between morning types (larks) and evening types (owls).Those predisposed to later sleep onset time (evening types) are susceptible to developing delayed sleep phase syndrome especially during adolescence when sleep requirement increases and there is a tendency towards later time for sleeping and waking.In delayed sleep phase syndrome, sleep onset is delayed to the early hours of the morning with consequent difficulty in waking in time for school/work.Once established, advancing sleep onset time is difficult and requires diveatment with appropriately timed melatonin or bright light therapy— advancing sleep onset progressively forwards until the desired sleep time is reached.
In condivast the elderly who are more susceptible to perturbation in their sleep-wake schedule can develop advanced sleep phase syndrome with sleep onset occurring early in the evening.Shift workers often sdivuggle to cope with shift patterns as they grow older due to difficulty in re-adjusting their circadian clock.In general, morning bright light exposure is a more powerful synchroniser of the circadian rhythm than melatonin.
Questions 26-28
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
参考答案A
参考答案C
参考答案D
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
29.REM behaviour disorder is thought as one kind of predecessor of .
参考答案neurodegenerative disease/Parkinsons
参考答案memory
参考答案frightening
参考答案arousals
参考答案parental attention
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
The use of melatonin Some developmental problems could influence the sleeping pattern of children negatively and accordingly 34______ is prescribed by doctors to children though the behavioural practice works better.The use of melatonin is just suggested as the last resort not as a 35______ for it may have harm to some 36_____ of the developing child.There is an important cycle called the sleep-wake cycle in people, in which with the participation of melatonin secretion the 37______ is regulated.People are categorized into two groups, larks and owls.The owl type is easily developing into the delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the 38______ will be postponed but melatonin and more natural diveatment like 39______ can be used to reach the desired sleep time.The senior citizens always suffer from another syndrome by which they fall asleep 40______ at night and shift worker similarly must divy to adapt themselves to the shift patterns.
参考答案34.melatonin<br /> (根据该题关键词“prescribed”定位到第七段第二句。夜间睡眠习惯的养成表明了儿童大脑的成熟，这一过程也有可能被诸多成长问题打断。碰到这样问题的孩子通过持久的行为矫正也可以成功地养成正常的睡眠习惯。Even in this group success is possible by persisting with behavioral work，though…with some Success.句中的prescribe和题干的prescribed对应。paediatricians与doctors对应。题干将原文中的主动句改为被动句。答案为melatonin。)<br /> 35.hypnotic<br /> (根据该题关键词“resort”定位到第七段段末。当使用安眠药时还应慎之又慎，尤其是不能给尚在发育阶段的儿童使用，因为这可能影响到他们的生理周期。Its use as a hypnotic should be discouraged，especially in the developing child as there is uncertainty on other cycles，such as menstrual.答案为hypnotic。)<br /> 36.cycles<br /> (根据该题关键词“developing child”定位到第七段段末。当使用安眠药时还应慎之又慎，尤其是不能给尚在发育阶段的儿童使用，因为这可能影响到他们的生理周期。Its use as a hypnotic should be …child as there is uncertainty on other cycles，such as menstrual.题干中的“the developing child”为原词重现。故答案为cycles。)<br /> 37.sleep<br /> (根据该题关键词“regulated”定位到第八段倒数第二句。褪黑素在夜间分泌得多，白天分泌得少，这一进程开始于视网膜的前视交叉核，它起到了通过分泌褪黑素来调整睡眠的重要作用。Melatonin secretion is high in darkness and low in daylight hours… nucleus playing a major role as a sleep 题干中的“regulated”这句话中的“regulator”的同义替换。所以答案为sleep。)<br /> 38.sleep onset<br /> (根据该题关键词“postponed”定位到倒数第二段的倒数第二句。患延迟睡眠综合症的人将睡眠时间延迟到了凌晨，结果他们常常很难按时起床上学或上班。In delayed sleep phase syndrome，sleep onset is… consequent difficulty in waking in time for school／work.文中的delayed即题干中的postponed。答案是sleep onset。)<br /> 39.bright light therapy<br /> (根据题干关键词“natural，treatment，reach”定位到倒数第二段最后一句。根据最后一句Once established，advancing sleep onset time is difficult and…progressively forwards until the desired sleep time is reached.可知，习惯一旦养成，就很难再早睡，需要定时使用适量的褪黑素来治疗或者进行强光疗法，或者采用调整睡眠疗法——逐渐提前睡觉时间直到达到要求的入睡时间。题干提示是一种天然的治疗方法，故对应bright light therapy。答案是bright light therapy。)<br /> 40.early<br /> (根据题干关键词“senior citizens” 定位到最后一段首句。相反，对那些睡醒计划容易受外界干扰的老人而言，他们会把提前的睡眠综合症提前到晚上睡眠伊始之时。In contrast the elderly who are more … with sleep onset occurring early in the evening.题干中的“at night”对应该句子的“in the evening”。答案为early。
三、WRITING
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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The following bar chart illusdivates the mobile phone ownership in ten European coundivies throughout the year from 2005 to 2010.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
Write at least 150 words.
参考答案【参考范文】<br /> The bar chartillustrates the mobile phone ownership in ten European countries throughout the year from 2005 to 2010.<br /> In 2005 the largest number of mobile phone ownership was in the UK.At that time, it had more than 4 million people using mobile phones.And the second largest user is Germany, followed by Italy, Sweden, Finland, France, Denmark, Norway, Spain and Netherlands.<br /> In 2010 the category of sequence line was transformed into another one.Germany was the first, followed by UK, Italy, Sweden, France, Spain, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Netherlands.In Germany, for example, the number of cell-phone users was 14 million, whereas in Netherlands there ware merely 2 million cell-phone users.<br /> In sum, we can find that throughout the period, from 2005 to 2010, the number of mobile phone in these ten European countries all have increased dramatically.<br /> The information above is very interesting to ponder over and we may assume that the development of technology and economy is account for this change.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Early technological developments brought more benefits and changes to the lives of ordinary people than recent technological developments.What is your opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
参考答案【参考范文】<br /> There is a hot debate on whether early or recent technological developments are more convenient for people.Different people have their own t opinions.To my way of thinking, both past and present technologies give people and their ordinary live more benefits and convenience.<br /> To begin with, they were both a turning point in the technology development history.In 19 century, the industrial revolution took place, and new necessities were made by workers who provide us great convenience and shortcuts.For example, the airplane was created by the Brother Wright and there are abundant other inventions made by many inventors All these inventions changed our life dramatically.People changed their way of thinking.Furthermore, the later one is important and necessary too.Such as, the computers could be used among various fields.According to recent statistics by a recent survey, the utility rate of computer usage rose 16 percent from 2005 to 2007, which is an apparent indication on the great vitality of technology.The daily lives become much more colorful and interesting<br /> Lastly, the 20th century is on the base of the 19 century industry and the technology developments connected with each other closely.There are 80 percent of people who use mobile phone instead of phone; the figures are keeping growing day by day .;Let alone the format of cell-phone extend from 1G to 3G which is also based on the knowledge of technology of last generation.<br /> To crown it all, both developments, whether pastor present, have been favorable to human society, and thus we can draw the conclusion that they should go hand in hand to make a huge difference on people’s daily life.
四、SPEAKING
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The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.
EXAMPLE
●What is your main ambition in life?
●Do you think you will achieve your ambition?
● Do you think you are an ambitious person?
● Is it always good to be ambitious?
参考答案【参考答案】<br />E=interlocutor<br />C=candidate<br />E: What is your main ambition in life?<br />C: Well, I only have short-term goals now.I guess it is to graduate from high school and continue my studies in our country’s top 10 universities<br />【分析】目标可分为短期和长期，考生可根据情况讨论。<br />E: Do you think you will achieve your ambition?<br />C: I believe in myself.I have participated in all kinds of activities.Besides I’m clever and hard-working.<br />【分析】考生可回答自身具有哪些优势。<br />E: Do you think you are an ambitious person?<br />C: I am not sure what is ambitious.Sometimes I want to do the best and I have short-term goals that I want to achieve.<br />【分析】考生可根据自己对“抱负”一词的理解回答。<br />E: Is it always good to be ambitious?<br />C: That depends.I think ambition can be a double-edged sword.If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may be a bad thing, like Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by evil means and failed in the end.<br />【分析】考生可从树立正确人生观、价值观角度回答。
Describe a classmate of yours.You should say:
who the classmate is and how you met him/her what the classmate is like
whether you have a good relationship
and explain why other people in your class have the similar opinion of him/her.
You will have to talk about the topic for one or two minutes.
You have one minute to think about what you’re going to say.
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.
参考答案I get to know my classmate Ju when I was at university.We were in the same group at the debating course.He was quite funny and he wore beard and looked very cool.Surprisingly we were like old friends when we began to chat.We would spend hours at the campus café chatting or discussing the debating topic.Besides, because he had been to many western cafes and bars so he always taught me a lot about making coffee.He was a humble and polite guy who never showed off his knowledge to others but he is warm-hearted and often helped other classmates.
Discussion topics:
Classmates
Example questions:
Do you always have the same classmates when you have classes?
Which style do you prefer?
Do you think college education should be free of charge?
参考答案【参考答案】<br />E=interlocutor<br />C=candidate<br />E: Do you always have the same classmates when you have classes?<br />C: Well, I think so.When I was in primary school and high school I always have the same classmates.But things are a little different when I was in university.Since we go to different classrooms and lecture halls, so we have different courses and so to speak my classmates are not always the same group of people.<br />【分析】考生可根据中学和大学的不同情况分别讨论。<br />E: Which style do you prefer?<br />C: I think these two styles have their merits and demerits.I mean if you have classes with the same group of people so you can enjoy knowing that group of people for a long time and get very familiar with them.In that way, you can establish a stronger friendship with them.On the other hand, it is also interesting to make new friends.So I’d like to combine these two if possible.<br />【分析】两种方式各有利弊。考生可分别讨论。考生也可以选择其中一种论述，重点说明自己喜欢这种上课方式的理由。<br />E: Do you think college education should be free of charge?<br />C: That is hard to say.In theory, education should be open to all people who want to attend college.But in nowadays this is quite impractical given the current situation that China has a large population and there are too many students who cannot afford the fees.It would be quite a burden if no fee will be charged, because the maintenance and running expenditure of a college is high.So judging from the whole situation, it might not feasible for colleges and universities to go free.<br />【分析】考生应从国情出发，考虑到中国是一个人口大国，不收费将会带来很大的负担，因为大学的维持和运行费用很高。 所以纵观全局，让大学教育免费或许不是明智之举。