英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题（网友回忆版）三
一、听力题
根据要求选择正确的答案。
〈huixue_java/202411/OB8DTK_2012.mp3〉
1.
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.
Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
If you have any questions, you may raise your hand now as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about Buckingham Palace and Queen Elizabeth who lives in it.While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the in- formation has been given to you in the table.Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.
Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
If you have any questions, you may raise your hand now as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about Buckingham Palace and Queen Elizabeth who lives in it.While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the in- formation has been given to you in the table.Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.
参考答案1.1952<br /> (录音中听到“She became queen in 1952”，由此可知伊丽莎白是在1952年成为女王的，即她是在1952年继承王位的；came to the throne“登基，继承王位”。)<br /> 2.summer<br /> (录音中听到“She also has three garden parties in the summer.”，即她是在夏天有三个花园宴会的。)<br /> 3.seven<br /> (录音中听到“Seven people take care of her”，由此可知，七个人负责照料她。)<br /> 4.breakfast<br /> (录音中听到“During breakfast, a musician plays Scottish music outside”，由此可知再吃早饭的时候，外面播放着苏格兰音乐。)<br /> 5.hospitals<br /> (录音中听到“After lunch, she visits hospitals or schools”，午餐过后，她通常会去拜访医院和学校，因为学校已经给出，故此空应填医院。)<br /> 【录音原文】<br /> Buckingham Palace is in London, England.It was built around 1705.It’s famous because Queen Elizabeth of England lives there.She became queen in 1952.Buckingham Palace is a big and beautiful building, a flag flies on the palace.It flies on top of the palace when the queen is there.Queen Elizabeth and her family lives on the second floor of the palace.The queen also has her office in the palace where she meets with presidents, kings, and politicians.Queen Elizabeth often asks some important people to have dinner at the palace.She also has three garden parties in the summer.She invites 9000 people to each party.Queen Elizabeth’s day starts at 7: 00 in the morning.Seven people take care of her.One person prepares her clothes.Another person takes care of her dogs.The queen loves dogs.Right now she has eight dogs.Everyday a man brings food for the dogs to Queen Elizabeth’s room.The queen puts the food in the bowls with a silver spoon.At 8:30 every morning, the queen has breakfast with her husband, Prince Philip.They drink a special coffee with hot milk.During breakfast, a musician plays Scottish music outside.Then Queen Elizabeth works in her office the rest of the morning.After lunch, she visits hospitals or schools.
解析
2.
Part B
Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear the life story of Alexander the Great.While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions.Use no more than 3 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.
Alexander was called a god because he was 6.______
In which year did Alexander become king? 7.______
In which country did Alexander found a new city? 8.______
What kind of people did Alexander recruit to live in the cities he built? 9.______
At what age did Alexander die? 10.______
Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear the life story of Alexander the Great.While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions.Use no more than 3 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.
Alexander was called a god because he was 6.______
In which year did Alexander become king? 7.______
In which country did Alexander found a new city? 8.______
What kind of people did Alexander recruit to live in the cities he built? 9.______
At what age did Alexander die? 10.______
参考答案6.so powerful<br /> (录音开头听到“Alexander the Great was so powerful—some people called him a god”，由此可知，亚历山大帝很强大，所以一些人称他为神。)<br /> 7.336 B.C<br /> (录音中听到“In the summer of 336 B.C., his father was murdered by one of his body guards.Alexander then became King”，由此可知，在公元前336年的夏天，他的父亲被护卫队里的一员谋杀了，他成为了国王。)<br /> 8.Egypt.<br /> (录音中听到“At the mouth of Nile River in northern Egypt, Alexander founded a new city”，由此可知亚历山大帝在埃及建立了一个新的城池。)<br /> 9.soldiers, merchants and scholars<br /> (录音中听到“He recruited soldiers, merchants and scholars from many lands to settle in them”，由此可知，在新建的城池里，他招收士兵，商人和学者来定居。)<br /> 10.33<br /> (录音结尾听到“While he was in Iraq, he caught a fever and died at the age of 33.His empire was trided up”，由此可知，亚历山大帝在33岁的时候就英年早逝了，他的帝国也走向分裂。)<br /> 【录音原文】<br /> He was a King, a commander, and a conqueror.Alexander the Great was so powerful—some people called him a god.He’s one of the greatest generals in history.Alexander was born in 356 B.C.His father, King Philip II, hired the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle to tutor young Alexander.In the summer of 336 B.C., his father was murdered by one of his body guards.Alexander then became King.Many people, inside and out- side this country, flooded against the young king.But Alexander was shrewd.He quickly ordered the execution of all those who were against him.Crashed the rebellions and restored his rule.Next in 334 B.C., Alexander turned his attention toward the Persian Empire in southwest Asia.Their armies met in 333 B.C.and fought a fierce battle.Alexander won and the Persian Emperor fled.Alexander then let his soldiers south into the Egypt where he ceased power.At the mouth of Nile River in northern Egypt, Alexander founded a new city.He named the city “Alexanderia”.Alexander was a military genius and a greatest explorer.He also had a grand ambition.He wanted to rule a world empire where people could live in peace with one another.As he traveled, he built more cities.He recruited soldiers, merchants and scholars from many lands to settle in them.In 326 B.C.Alexander turned south into India.But by then his men were tired and weak.The soldiers rebelled and refused to go farther.Although he was not willing, Alexander had to turn back.By 323 B.C he reached Babylon in Iraq.While he was in Iraq, he caught a fever and died at the age of 33.His empire was trided up.
解析
3.
Part C
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues.Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it .While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D.After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question.You will hear each piece once only.
Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between a driver and a police officer.
Why did the police officer stop the driver?
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues.Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it .While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D.After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question.You will hear each piece once only.
Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between a driver and a police officer.
Why did the police officer stop the driver?
参考答案A
解析录音中听到女士询问“Sir, did you realize you were speeding in the school zone?”，即“先生，你知道你在学校区域超速了吗？”，由此可推知警察叫住司机的原因是他超速了。
4.
Why did the driver mention his wife’s cousin’s husband?
参考答案A
解析录音中听到“My wife’s cousin’s husband, I think his name is Brad, works for the police department here.Or was there a fire department? Anyway, I think you might be good friends, and you know,…”，由此可知男士是想证明他和这位警察有关系。
5.
What did the police officer threaten to do?
参考答案C
解析录音中听到“So what’s that got to do with it? Do you want me to re-hold your car right now because of these violations?”，女士明显有些生气，提示男士是否想再次因为违规拘押扣留他的车。violations“违规”；由此可知警察威胁拘押扣留他的车。
【录音原文】
W: OK.May I see your driver’s license, please?
M: What? Did I do anything wrong?
W: License, please, and your car registration.
M: Oh yeah...It’s here somewhere in the glove compartment.Yeah, here it is.
W: Sir, did you realize you were speeding in the school zone?
M: What? No, I didn’t.That’s probably because my meter is broken.I mean “mile functioning”.
W: Yes, you were going 50 miles per hour in a 20 miles per hour zone.And...
M: What?
W: And you failed to come to the complete stop at the cross road back there.
M: Rolling stops don’t come.
W: And one of your brake lights is out.
M: Oh...
W: You were not wearing a seat belt.And your driver’s license’s expired six months ago.
M: And ...Your name is ...Officer Smiths.Hey! Are you related to the Smiths in town? My wife’s cousin’s husband, I think his name is Brad, works for the police department here.Or was there a fire department? Anyway, I think you might be good friends, and you know,...
W: So what’s that got to do with it? Do you want me to re-hold your car right now because of these violations?
M: No, of course not.
W: OK, then.Here is your ticket.You can either pay it or call him to pay in the final minute.Have a nice day!
M: Do you take cash?
【录音原文】
W: OK.May I see your driver’s license, please?
M: What? Did I do anything wrong?
W: License, please, and your car registration.
M: Oh yeah...It’s here somewhere in the glove compartment.Yeah, here it is.
W: Sir, did you realize you were speeding in the school zone?
M: What? No, I didn’t.That’s probably because my meter is broken.I mean “mile functioning”.
W: Yes, you were going 50 miles per hour in a 20 miles per hour zone.And...
M: What?
W: And you failed to come to the complete stop at the cross road back there.
M: Rolling stops don’t come.
W: And one of your brake lights is out.
M: Oh...
W: You were not wearing a seat belt.And your driver’s license’s expired six months ago.
M: And ...Your name is ...Officer Smiths.Hey! Are you related to the Smiths in town? My wife’s cousin’s husband, I think his name is Brad, works for the police department here.Or was there a fire department? Anyway, I think you might be good friends, and you know,...
W: So what’s that got to do with it? Do you want me to re-hold your car right now because of these violations?
M: No, of course not.
W: OK, then.Here is your ticket.You can either pay it or call him to pay in the final minute.Have a nice day!
M: Do you take cash?
6.
Questions 14-16 are based on the following talk on Kwanzaa, an African American cultural holiday.
What is the origin of Kwanzaa related to?
What is the origin of Kwanzaa related to?
参考答案C
解析录音中听到“The word “Kwanzaa” pronounced “kuangza”, comes from a Swahili phrase that means “first fruits”，fruits指的是农业收获的果实，由此可知宽扎节的来源与农业有关。
7.
Which of the following colors is used for decoration in Kwanzaa?
参考答案B
解析录音中听到“The colors of Kwanzaa are black, red, and green.”，由此可知宽扎节的颜色通常是红的，黑色和绿色，选项中只有B项符合。
8.
What do the seven candles stand for?
参考答案A
解析录音中听到“Each day a candle is lit to represent one of the seven principles of black culture developed by Karenga.”，由此可知，每一枝点燃的蜡烛代表黑人文化的一个原则。
【录音原文】
Kwanzaa is an African American cultural holiday.Begins on the December 26th, and lasts seven full days through January 1st.Kwanzaa celebrates family, community, and African heritage and culture.Millions of people celebrate Kwanzaa every year in the United States.African communities and many other parts of the world also celebrate the holiday.The word “Kwanzaa” pronounced “kuangza”, comes from a Swahili phrase that means “first fruits”.Swahili is one of the most widely spoken languages in Africa.The first fruits or the first crops harvested at the end of the year’ s growing season.Harvest celebration in Africa date back thousands of years.Modern harvest celebrations still take place in many parts of Africa.And an African American scholar named Mauluna Karenga developed Kwanzaa in the United States in 1966.Karenga wanted a special time for African Americans to honor their African heritage, and their own African American culture.Karenga wanted Kwanzaa to be a time of gathering for families and friends for giving thanks.Since the 1960s, Kwanzaa has spread to many other parts of the world.The colors of Kwanzaa are black, red, and green.These colors were important symbols in ancient Africa.People celebrate Kwanzaa by decorating their homes with these colors.Other decorations include traditional African crafts, such as colorful cloth and woven baskets.In many homes, families exchange gifts.A major part of Kwanzaa is the lighting of seven candles, called IIshumma.Each day a candle is lit to represent one of the seven principles of black culture developed by Karenga.These principles encourage people to live well according to African ideals.
【录音原文】
Kwanzaa is an African American cultural holiday.Begins on the December 26th, and lasts seven full days through January 1st.Kwanzaa celebrates family, community, and African heritage and culture.Millions of people celebrate Kwanzaa every year in the United States.African communities and many other parts of the world also celebrate the holiday.The word “Kwanzaa” pronounced “kuangza”, comes from a Swahili phrase that means “first fruits”.Swahili is one of the most widely spoken languages in Africa.The first fruits or the first crops harvested at the end of the year’ s growing season.Harvest celebration in Africa date back thousands of years.Modern harvest celebrations still take place in many parts of Africa.And an African American scholar named Mauluna Karenga developed Kwanzaa in the United States in 1966.Karenga wanted a special time for African Americans to honor their African heritage, and their own African American culture.Karenga wanted Kwanzaa to be a time of gathering for families and friends for giving thanks.Since the 1960s, Kwanzaa has spread to many other parts of the world.The colors of Kwanzaa are black, red, and green.These colors were important symbols in ancient Africa.People celebrate Kwanzaa by decorating their homes with these colors.Other decorations include traditional African crafts, such as colorful cloth and woven baskets.In many homes, families exchange gifts.A major part of Kwanzaa is the lighting of seven candles, called IIshumma.Each day a candle is lit to represent one of the seven principles of black culture developed by Karenga.These principles encourage people to live well according to African ideals.
9.
Questions 17—20 are based on the following talk about the World Bank.
When was the World Bank officially founded?
When was the World Bank officially founded?
参考答案B
解析录音中听到“Its foundations relate at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference at Breatwoods in 1944, and officially came to life in 1946.”，由此可知世界银行的成立是在1944年，但是官方认证的成立时间是1946年，而题目问的是官方认证的。
10.
The World Bank dreams of a world without
参考答案B
解析录音中听到“It says that its dream is a world free of poverty.”，由此可知，世界银行的理想是世界没有贫穷。
11.
What do we know about the World Bank member countries?
参考答案D
解析录音中听到“Members are shareholders of the Bank”，由此可知世界银行的成员都是它的股东。
12.
How many leading contributors does the World Bank have?
参考答案C
解析录音中听到“The leading contributors are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.”，由此可知，世界银行的重要参与者是美国，日本，德国，法国和英国，一共5个国家。
【录音原文】
The World Bank is an UN organization.It was set up to finance projects to further the economic development of its member nations.Its foundations relate at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference at Breatwoods in 1944, and officially came to life in 1946.Back in the post-war era, the Bank made loans for the reconstruction of Europe.Later the emphasis shifted from Europe to the developing world.In 2000, the Bank lent almost 16 billion dollars to its client countries.It says that its dream is a world free of poverty.Much of the money then goes towards the effort to strengthen and build capital markets.Another slice of money is loaned for projects, such as water supply, and sanitation.There are three main sources of funds for the Bank—subscriptions hit up by member countries, bond issues on the world financial markets, and net earnings on the Bank’ s assets.The World Bank has 183 member countries.All members must first join the International Monetary Fund.Members are shareholders of the Bank.They do not all pull equal weight within the organization.The leading contributors are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.They have the biggest say in World Bank policy.Each of these five countries has a nominee on the Bank’ s board of executive directors.The remaining 178 countries are—between them—allowed to nominate a total of 19 other board members.It is this select board that decides on the Bank’ s work.
【录音原文】
The World Bank is an UN organization.It was set up to finance projects to further the economic development of its member nations.Its foundations relate at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference at Breatwoods in 1944, and officially came to life in 1946.Back in the post-war era, the Bank made loans for the reconstruction of Europe.Later the emphasis shifted from Europe to the developing world.In 2000, the Bank lent almost 16 billion dollars to its client countries.It says that its dream is a world free of poverty.Much of the money then goes towards the effort to strengthen and build capital markets.Another slice of money is loaned for projects, such as water supply, and sanitation.There are three main sources of funds for the Bank—subscriptions hit up by member countries, bond issues on the world financial markets, and net earnings on the Bank’ s assets.The World Bank has 183 member countries.All members must first join the International Monetary Fund.Members are shareholders of the Bank.They do not all pull equal weight within the organization.The leading contributors are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.They have the biggest say in World Bank policy.Each of these five countries has a nominee on the Bank’ s board of executive directors.The remaining 178 countries are—between them—allowed to nominate a total of 19 other board members.It is this select board that decides on the Bank’ s work.
二、阅读理解题
根据题干选择正确的答案。
Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Humans like to regard themselves as exceptional.Many philosophers believe humans are the only (21)______ which understands that others have their own personal thoughts.That understanding is known in the (22)______ as having a “theory of mind,” and it is considered the (23)______ to such cherished human (24)______ as sympathy and deception.
Biologists have learned to treat such (25)______ with caution.Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar describe an experiment they have carried out (26)______ ravens.
(27)______ to gaze is reckoned to be a good (28)______ of the development of theory of mind in human children.(29)______ about 18 months, most children are able to follow the gaze of another person, and (30)______ things about the gazer from it.Failure to (31)______ this trick is an early symptom of autism, a syndrome whose main underlying feature is a(n) (32)______ to understand that other people have (33)______, too.
To (34)______ whether ravens could follow gaze, Dr Heinrich used six six-month-old hand-reared ravens.The birds were set, one at a time, on a perch on one side of a room divided by a barrier.An experimenter in front of the barrier (35)______ his head and eyes in a particular (36)______ and gazed for 30 seconds before looking (37)______ Dr Heinrich found that all the birds were able to follow the gaze of the experimenters, even (38)______ the barrier.In the (39)______ case, the curious birds either jumped down from the perch and walked around the barrier to have a (40)______ or leapt on top of it and peered over.
Humans like to regard themselves as exceptional.Many philosophers believe humans are the only (21)______ which understands that others have their own personal thoughts.That understanding is known in the (22)______ as having a “theory of mind,” and it is considered the (23)______ to such cherished human (24)______ as sympathy and deception.
Biologists have learned to treat such (25)______ with caution.Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar describe an experiment they have carried out (26)______ ravens.
(27)______ to gaze is reckoned to be a good (28)______ of the development of theory of mind in human children.(29)______ about 18 months, most children are able to follow the gaze of another person, and (30)______ things about the gazer from it.Failure to (31)______ this trick is an early symptom of autism, a syndrome whose main underlying feature is a(n) (32)______ to understand that other people have (33)______, too.
To (34)______ whether ravens could follow gaze, Dr Heinrich used six six-month-old hand-reared ravens.The birds were set, one at a time, on a perch on one side of a room divided by a barrier.An experimenter in front of the barrier (35)______ his head and eyes in a particular (36)______ and gazed for 30 seconds before looking (37)______ Dr Heinrich found that all the birds were able to follow the gaze of the experimenters, even (38)______ the barrier.In the (39)______ case, the curious birds either jumped down from the perch and walked around the barrier to have a (40)______ or leapt on top of it and peered over.
13.
______.
参考答案D
解析category种类；group群体；race 种族；species物种。根据空前哲学家认为人类是唯一的……，及下文对渡鸦的实验可知，此处表达的意思是人类自认为是一个知道他人有自己想法的特殊物种，这里从科学的角度看待自然界的事物，并不是单纯的分类，故答案为D项。
14.
______.
参考答案A
解析perspective观点、视角；trade贸易；business商业；skill技能。根据上文中提到的“that understanding” 和下文中的“theory of mind”可知，此处表达的是从这一角度来看， 故答案为A项。
15.
______.
参考答案B
解析secret秘密；attribution归因；alternative选择；gateway门，途径。由句意可知此处表达的意思是“心理理论”是人类同情与欺骗等宝贵特质的原因，解释人类的秘密，故答案为B项。
16.
______.
参考答案A
解析qualities特质；operations手术；运营；habits习惯；values价值观。根据空后提到的“sympathy and deception”可知，此处表达的是人类的特质，类似同情与欺骗等特质是其他物种不具有的，故答案为A项。
17.
______.
参考答案C
解析comparisons比较；findings发现；assertions断言，论断；studies研究。根据第一段可知，主要通过哲学家的观点来进论证“人类喜欢把自己当作例外”这一论点，而下文中提到有科学家对渡鸦进行了一项实验反驳该观点，所以此处表达的意思是生物学家对哲学家的“断言”提出的质疑，因为哲学家并未做过实验来证明，故答案为C项。
18.
______.
参考答案A
解析on在……上；关于；to向…方向；against相反，反对；for为了。空前提到一项实验，空后ravens是实验对象，因此该空是表示“关于，在……上”的介词，on符合文意，故答案为A项。
19.
______.
参考答案B
解析indifference冷漠；response反应；resistance抵触；抗拒；instinct直觉；本能。根据下文可知，在18个月大时，大多数儿童能够追随另一个人凝视的目光，可知此处表达的意思是对他人凝视的反应，故答案为B项。
20.
______.
参考答案D
解析call呼唤，召唤；reason原因；hint暗示，示意；measure措施；衡量标准。下文提到“大多数儿童在18个月大时能够追随另一个人凝视的目光”，即这是一个儿童心理正常发展的象征，也就是说对另一个人目光的追随是衡量儿童心理理论发展的一个好的标准，故答案为D项。
21.
______.
参考答案D
解析with表示伴随，带有……；in表示在……中；by用……手段；at表示在某一点。由句意可知，此处是对于儿童年龄段的描述，根据空后的about 18 months可知该空表达“在……期间；在……岁时”，at符合文意，故答案为D项。
22.
______.
参考答案B
解析imagine想象；infer推断；locate定位；confer商谈；给与。根据空格的前半部分“大多数儿童能追踪他人的目光”，以及后半部分“关于他人的一些信息”可知，此处表达是依据追随另一个人的目光，儿童能够从中推测获取信息。固定用法infer sth.from sth．意为“从…中推断出…”，故答案为B项。
23.
______.
参考答案A
解析develop发育；形成；find发现；plan计划；conceal隐藏。根据句意“自闭症的早期症状”可知，此处表达是追踪他人目光的能力没有形成，develop表示在成长过程中形成、掌握某项能力，故答案为A项。
24.
______.
参考答案D
解析resent怨恨；tendency倾向；attempt尝试；inability无能力。前文提到“未能掌握这一能力是自闭症的一个早期症状” ，即自闭症早期症状是没有能力通过追随他人目光，推测他人的信息，此处表达的应该是一种能力的缺失，inability符合文意，故答案为D项。
25.
______.
参考答案B
解析senses感觉；minds想法；beliefs信仰；faculties能力。根据第一段第一句可知，哲学家认为人类是唯一一个知道他人有自己想法的物种，可推知此处表达的意思是自闭症儿童在相关能力上的缺失使他们不能理解他人也有想法，故答案为B项。
26.
______.
参考答案C
解析argue争论；prove证明；test测试；confirm确定。结合前文对儿童追踪目光的描述和后文对渡鸦是否能够追随人的目光的实验可知，此处海因里希博士的实验是为了测试渡鸦是否了解他人有自己的想法，故答案为C项。
27.
______.
参考答案D
解析moved移动；hid隐藏；revealed揭示；adjusted调整。该空所在句的主语是实验者，空后的宾语是“他的头和眼睛”，由此可知，这里指实验者将头和眼睛调整到对准某一方向，adjust表示在原来的位置调节某事物的方向或者状态，而move虽然也有变动之意，但意为将某物进行位置的改变或者移动，adjust符合文意，故答案为D项。
28.
______.
参考答案B
解析manner方式；direction方向；type类型；circle圆圈。由前文的“实验者将头和眼睛调整”以及后文的“凝视30秒”可知，此处指的是实验者的视线30秒定住不变，盯住某一个方向，故答案为B项。
29.
______.
参考答案C
解析down表示向下；up表示向上；away表示离开；inside表示内部。前文提到实验者把他的头和眼睛朝向某一方向，凝视30秒钟，由此可知实验者在做完凝视的动作后应该是转移了视线，不再专注于一个方向，away泛指其他的方向，符合文意，故答案为C项。
30.
______.
参考答案C
解析into表示向内；within表示内部；beyond表示越过；另一边；from表示从……。该空所在句的主语是渡鸦，空后指的是障碍物，空前讲渡鸦全能追随实验者的目光，even表示语意的递进，可知，此处表达的意思是渡鸦甚至能够越过障碍物而追踪实验者的目光。beyond the barrier表示越过障碍物，符合文意，故答案为C项。
31.
______.
参考答案B
解析former表示前者；latter表示后者；ordinary普通的；unusual非凡的。前文提到“所有的渡鸦都能够……，有些好奇的渡鸦…”，下文中提到渡鸦跳下栖息的木杆，走到障碍物周围去观察等不同寻常的方式追随实验者的目光，由此可知，此句进一步说明的是好奇的渡鸦，即提到的后一种情况，故答案为B项。
32.
______.
参考答案A
解析look看；rest休息；try尝试；taste品尝。根据空后的提示“leapt on top of it and peered over”，后面指跳上去向下俯视，推测前面应该是走到障碍物周围看一看，是为了看到实验者的目光所指向的方向，have a look意为“看一眼，看一看”，故答案为A项。
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 Conventional wisdom has long held that mammals stayed millions of years on earth.As long as dinosaurs roamed the lands, our distant ancestors never got to be much more than chicken-hearted creatures that sneaked out at night to grab bits of plants when the terrible lizards were asleep.Only when they were wiped out did mammals begin to earn a little evolutionary respect.
But that picture changed dramatically with the announcement in Nature of two impressive fossils.One, of a brand-new species named R.giganticus, broke apart the notion that most dinosaur- age mammals were never larger than squirrels.The animal had the dimensions of a midsize dog-by far the biggest dinosaur-age mammal ever found.And the second, a new specimen of a previously discovered species called R.robustus, refuted the notion that it was always the mammals that got eaten.Inside the skeleton where the animal’s stomach would have been are the fossilized remains of a baby dinosaur.“This discovery was the chance of a lifetime,” says Jin Meng, scientist and co- author of the paper.
Indeed, Meng didn’t expect to find things like this at all.The smaller skeleton was discovered about two years ago by villagers in China’s Liaoning province, site of some of the richest fossil beds in the world.They brought it to the attention of scientists, who took it to an institute for examination.“We didn’t see the stomach contents at first,” says Meng.
After they did, however, it didn’t take them long to realize they had struck scientific gold.On closer examination, the scientists determined that the remains were those of a juvenile dinosaur.Some of the arm and leg bones were still attached to each other, suggesting that R.robustus didn’t chew its food thoroughly but wolfed it down in large chunks.
Taken together, the finds overturn the already eroded idea that early mammals were tiny and timid.Now paleontologists can stop cooking up theories to explain why mammals were so little— that they had to be small to avoid being found, for example, or they couldn’t grow larger because dinosaurs already occupied those ecological spaces.
But it’s now clear that mammals did fill some of the spaces reserved for larger animals.“It’s quite possible,” says paleontologist Anne Weil, “that they competed with dinosaurs for the same prey.” And because they ate dinosaurs, they may even have had an influence on dinosaur evolution.What sort of influence? “We don’t know,” she says.“That’s how it is with the best finds.They leave you with more questions than answers.”
Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 Conventional wisdom has long held that mammals stayed millions of years on earth.As long as dinosaurs roamed the lands, our distant ancestors never got to be much more than chicken-hearted creatures that sneaked out at night to grab bits of plants when the terrible lizards were asleep.Only when they were wiped out did mammals begin to earn a little evolutionary respect.
But that picture changed dramatically with the announcement in Nature of two impressive fossils.One, of a brand-new species named R.giganticus, broke apart the notion that most dinosaur- age mammals were never larger than squirrels.The animal had the dimensions of a midsize dog-by far the biggest dinosaur-age mammal ever found.And the second, a new specimen of a previously discovered species called R.robustus, refuted the notion that it was always the mammals that got eaten.Inside the skeleton where the animal’s stomach would have been are the fossilized remains of a baby dinosaur.“This discovery was the chance of a lifetime,” says Jin Meng, scientist and co- author of the paper.
Indeed, Meng didn’t expect to find things like this at all.The smaller skeleton was discovered about two years ago by villagers in China’s Liaoning province, site of some of the richest fossil beds in the world.They brought it to the attention of scientists, who took it to an institute for examination.“We didn’t see the stomach contents at first,” says Meng.
After they did, however, it didn’t take them long to realize they had struck scientific gold.On closer examination, the scientists determined that the remains were those of a juvenile dinosaur.Some of the arm and leg bones were still attached to each other, suggesting that R.robustus didn’t chew its food thoroughly but wolfed it down in large chunks.
Taken together, the finds overturn the already eroded idea that early mammals were tiny and timid.Now paleontologists can stop cooking up theories to explain why mammals were so little— that they had to be small to avoid being found, for example, or they couldn’t grow larger because dinosaurs already occupied those ecological spaces.
But it’s now clear that mammals did fill some of the spaces reserved for larger animals.“It’s quite possible,” says paleontologist Anne Weil, “that they competed with dinosaurs for the same prey.” And because they ate dinosaurs, they may even have had an influence on dinosaur evolution.What sort of influence? “We don’t know,” she says.“That’s how it is with the best finds.They leave you with more questions than answers.”
33.
Mammals in the dinosaur age used to be described as ______.
参考答案D
解析推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第一段第二句“As long as dinosaurs roamed the lands，… chicken-hearted creatures that sneaked out at night …”，由此可知，人们普遍观点认为我们远古的祖先害怕恐龙，只会等到恐龙入睡的时候，才胆小如鼠地从藏身之地偷偷出来采集植物充饥。第二段第二句提到“one of a brand—new species named R.giganticus, broke apart the notion that most dinosaur-age mammals were never larger than squirrels”，即全新的物种化石的发现，推翻了认为大多数恐龙时期的哺乳动物都不比松鼠大的观点。由此可知，恐龙时代的哺乳动物曾被认为是瘦小而懦弱，故答案为D项。
34.
The fossil of a baby dinosaur in the skeleton of R.robustus indicates that ______.
参考答案C
解析细节理解题。题目是问R.robustus骨骼当中的小恐龙化石说明了什么，根据题干信息定位到第二段第四，五句“…refuted the notion that it was always the mammals that got eaten.… fossilized remains of a baby dinosaur”，由此可知，新发现的标本推翻了哺乳动物总是被捕食这一观点。因为在这个标本的胃部发现了一个变成化石的小恐龙的遗骸。说明小恐龙是被它吞下的食物，哺乳动物不总是被捕食，故答案为C项。
35.
By saying “they had struck scientific gold” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 4), the author means that ______.
参考答案D
解析推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句…This discovery was the chance of a lifetime...”，由此可知，在哺乳动物胃部发现恐龙遗骸是绝无仅有的，这一发现是千载难逢的，这一发现将会为科学研究做出了巨大贡献，因此，“struck scientific gold”意为他们在研究领域内作出了重大发现，故答案为D项。
36.
The expression “cooking up” (Line 2, Paragraph 5) indicates that the author ______.
参考答案A
解析作者观点题。根据题干信息定位到第五段第二句“Now paleontologists can stop cooking up theories to explain …for example，or they couldn’t grow larger because dinosaurs already occupied those ecological spaces”，cooking up所接的宾语是theories，后面动词不定式做目的状语，可知目的是解释哺乳动物为什么那么瘦小了，有的理论认为是为了避免被发现，有的认为是恐龙已经占领了它们的生存空间。上文中讲到《自然》杂志上发表的有关两块化石的文章彻底改变了这些传统的理论，所以以前生物学家们因传统观点没有被实证推翻，只能是质疑传统观点，故答案为A项。
37.
What is the possible connection between mammals and dinosaurs?
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段第三句“And because they ate dinosaurs，they may even have had an influence on dinosaur evolution”，由此可知，由于新发现证明哺乳动物曾经捕食过恐龙，可能和恐龙争夺过食物，这很可能对于恐龙的进化产生了影响，故答案为B项。
Text 2 Schools of education have long been objects of criticism. From James Koerner’s 1963 book, The Miseducation of America’s Teachers, up through two recent reports by national commissions, critics have complained about the intellectual emptiness of the curriculum at ed schools and the lack of connection between what is taught and the realities teachers face in the classroom. A recent survey of teachers about their graduate-school training drew comments like “the shabbiest psychobabble imaginable” and “a waste of time.”
With an estimated 2 million new teachers needed over the next decade, the shortcomings in education schools are a practical concern. In what is a generally bleak landscape, a small number of schools stand out as innovators. Two key qualities distinguish these exemplars. First, they require that students master the subjects they will be teaching and structure their curricula accordingly. Second, these programs put a premium on hands-on experience. While traditional ed-school curricula are filled with courses on theory, the new approach places much greater emphasis on learning by doing.
At Ohio State University in Columbus, students in the one-year master’s program spend half their time teaching in one of 55 Franklin County public schools, where they are paired with experienced teachers.
“You are immersed from Day 1,” says OSU graduate student Kelley Crockett, a 37-year-old former businesswoman who does practical training at Gables Elementary School. “And that forces you to be intimately involved.”
In New York City, the Bank Street College of Education—a two-year program—runs its own junior high. “That keeps us honest,” says the school’s president, Augusta Kappner. “We are encouraging students to see how they function in school settings so they can constantly improve.”
Comparable programs exist at some other institutions, including the University of Virginia and Trinity University in San Antonio. But Linda Darling-Hamond, a professor at Columbia University’s Teachers College who is an expert on teacher training, estimates that only 40 percent of the 1,200 teacher education programs in the country have met national accreditation standards.
Most education schools, she says, “have operated bureaucratically, assuming that teachers didn’t need to know many things, ‘Just give them a textbook and send them on.”
With an estimated 2 million new teachers needed over the next decade, the shortcomings in education schools are a practical concern. In what is a generally bleak landscape, a small number of schools stand out as innovators. Two key qualities distinguish these exemplars. First, they require that students master the subjects they will be teaching and structure their curricula accordingly. Second, these programs put a premium on hands-on experience. While traditional ed-school curricula are filled with courses on theory, the new approach places much greater emphasis on learning by doing.
At Ohio State University in Columbus, students in the one-year master’s program spend half their time teaching in one of 55 Franklin County public schools, where they are paired with experienced teachers.
“You are immersed from Day 1,” says OSU graduate student Kelley Crockett, a 37-year-old former businesswoman who does practical training at Gables Elementary School. “And that forces you to be intimately involved.”
In New York City, the Bank Street College of Education—a two-year program—runs its own junior high. “That keeps us honest,” says the school’s president, Augusta Kappner. “We are encouraging students to see how they function in school settings so they can constantly improve.”
Comparable programs exist at some other institutions, including the University of Virginia and Trinity University in San Antonio. But Linda Darling-Hamond, a professor at Columbia University’s Teachers College who is an expert on teacher training, estimates that only 40 percent of the 1,200 teacher education programs in the country have met national accreditation standards.
Most education schools, she says, “have operated bureaucratically, assuming that teachers didn’t need to know many things, ‘Just give them a textbook and send them on.”
38.
By saying “intellectual emptiness of the curriculum” (Lines 3~4, Paragraph 1) the critics mean to argue that ______.
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第一段中“...critics have complained about the intellectual emptiness of the curriculum at ed schools and the lack of connection between what is taught and the realities…”，由后面提到的专业课程设置和在课堂上教师们面临的实际情况之间缺乏关联可推测，“intellectual emptiness”意为知识欠缺，故答案为B项。
39.
According to the author, the concern over the current situation in ed schools is ______.
参考答案A
解析推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第二段第一句“With an estimated 2 million new teachers needed over the next decade，the shortcomings in education schools are a practical concern.”可知，在未来十年，估计有200万新教师的缺口，因此师范院校的缺点是一个实际的问题。有数据举证，可以推断作者对于师范院校的担忧是有充分根据的，故答案为A项。
40.
The word “premium” (Line 6, Paragraph 2) probably means ______.
参考答案B
解析词义猜测题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句“While traditional ed-school curricula are filled with courses on theory，the new approach places much greater emphasis on learning by doing.”可知，传统师范院校的课表上充满了教育理论类的课程。而新的教学方法则更加注重从实践中学习。因此，这些项目看重实践经验，premium应与emphasis同义，put a premium on 意为“鼓励，重视”，故答案为B项。
41.
It can be inferred from Linda Darling-Hammond’s comment that ______.
参考答案A
解析推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段最后一句“Most education schools，she says，‘have operated bureaucratically，assuming that teachers didn’t need to know many things，…”，由此可知，琳达认为大多数师范院校在运作上有官僚主义作风，认为教师不需要了解太多知识，仅仅给他们一本教材就把他们送走，而克服官僚主义的作风往往需要进行更加根本的制度层面的改革，故答案为A
42.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
参考答案C
解析标题判断题。通读全文，本文主要内容是讲一些师范院校的创新。第一段由评论者对于师范院校课程设置中的知识欠缺问题提出批评，进而引出本文主题——一些师范院校需要改革创新；第二段指出创新院校重理论，忽略实际的共同特征；第三、四、五段举例说明一些院校的改进举措；最后一段引出不同意见，即对一些师范项目及院校有官僚作风的批评。C项“师范院校的创新”最符合文意，故答案为C项。
Text 3 It’s almost an article of faith: your best ally in the fight against cancer is a doggedly optimistic outlook. And it would seem that mounting evidence of the links between emotional and physical well-being would support that view. The only problem is that there is no good evidence to support that belief when it comes to cancer. Moreover, the “tyranny” of positive thinking often becomes just one more burden for the sick.
It was research in the 1970s and ‘80s that first popularized the idea that attitude might affect cancer outcomes. Such research led doctors to encourage patients to think happy thoughts and visualize their immune system blasting away cancer ceils. But most of those studies have been dismissed as either flawed or inconclusive. A review of 37 studies that was published in the British Medical Journal in 2002 found that although a positive outlook does correlate with the perception of less pain by patients—a real benefit-there is “little consistent evidence that coping styles play an important part in survival from or recurrence of cancer. “
Still, the optimism theory remains attractive. One reason is that Americans live in a culture that desires Control. We want to believe that we can beat cancer by imposing our will on the disease. A better reason is that mental states like depression and chronic anxiety have been shown to have physical consequences that affect the progression of such illnesses as heart disease and diabetes. While a similar connection is biologically plausible for cancer, it is far from proven.
Even researchers who believe that studies will ultimately establish links between stress and the progression of cancer, like Stanford’s Dr. David Spiegel, know the picture is complex. “It isn’t a matter of ‘ Fix it in your mind, and you fix it in your body,’“ he says, “but it would be strange if what goes on in our minds didn’t affect how our bodies deal with illness.”
So where does that leave cancer patients? Doctors know that individuals will always bring their own disposition—sunny, sour or sarcastic—to bear on their illness and treatment. Pressuring them to be models of positive thinking is useless. Worse, it could cause them to hide their fears and reject support. But clinicians must remain alert for signs of depression, which can affect the outcome of any disease if it interferes with treatment. And many patients will also need—and welcome— help to improve poor coping skills. Spiegel says, “Having worked with people with life-threatening illnesses for 30 years, it’s clear that there are better and worse ways to deal with these things. ” False optimism isn’t helpful, but neither is despair.
It was research in the 1970s and ‘80s that first popularized the idea that attitude might affect cancer outcomes. Such research led doctors to encourage patients to think happy thoughts and visualize their immune system blasting away cancer ceils. But most of those studies have been dismissed as either flawed or inconclusive. A review of 37 studies that was published in the British Medical Journal in 2002 found that although a positive outlook does correlate with the perception of less pain by patients—a real benefit-there is “little consistent evidence that coping styles play an important part in survival from or recurrence of cancer. “
Still, the optimism theory remains attractive. One reason is that Americans live in a culture that desires Control. We want to believe that we can beat cancer by imposing our will on the disease. A better reason is that mental states like depression and chronic anxiety have been shown to have physical consequences that affect the progression of such illnesses as heart disease and diabetes. While a similar connection is biologically plausible for cancer, it is far from proven.
Even researchers who believe that studies will ultimately establish links between stress and the progression of cancer, like Stanford’s Dr. David Spiegel, know the picture is complex. “It isn’t a matter of ‘ Fix it in your mind, and you fix it in your body,’“ he says, “but it would be strange if what goes on in our minds didn’t affect how our bodies deal with illness.”
So where does that leave cancer patients? Doctors know that individuals will always bring their own disposition—sunny, sour or sarcastic—to bear on their illness and treatment. Pressuring them to be models of positive thinking is useless. Worse, it could cause them to hide their fears and reject support. But clinicians must remain alert for signs of depression, which can affect the outcome of any disease if it interferes with treatment. And many patients will also need—and welcome— help to improve poor coping skills. Spiegel says, “Having worked with people with life-threatening illnesses for 30 years, it’s clear that there are better and worse ways to deal with these things. ” False optimism isn’t helpful, but neither is despair.
43.
By saying “the ‘tyranny’ of positive thinking” (Line 5, Paragraph 1), the author probably means ______.
参考答案B
解析推理判断题。tyranny意为“暴君”，含有专制、强迫的意味。根据题干信息定位到第一段最后一句“Moreover，the ‘tyranny’ of positive thinking often becomes just one more burden for the sick.”，由此可知，积极思考的“暴君”往往成为病人的另一个负担。即作者认为强迫病人积极思考，非但没有起到鼓励病人的效果，反而增加了病人的负担，是不合理的，故答案为B项。
44.
What is found to be the real benefit of taking an optimistic attitude toward cancer?
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句“A review of 37 studies that was published…a positive outlook does correlate with the perception of less pain by patients—a real benefit—there is little…”，由此可知，一篇文章对37项研究进行了回顾，发现尽管积极的精神确实与病人感知到更少的痛苦——一个实实在在的好处——相关，但是几乎没有一致的证据……，积极的精神确实能使病人感知到更少的痛苦，这是一个实实在在的好处，故答案为B项。
45.
The author thinks that the optimism theory is derived from ______.
参考答案A
解析细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第三段第一二句“Still，the optimism theory remains attractive.One reason is mat Americans tire in a culture that desires control…”，由此可知，乐观主义理论仍然颇具吸引力的原因之一是美国人生活在一种渴望控制的文化当中。所以作者认为乐观主义理论源于美国人的一种渴望控制的文化，故答案为A项。
46.
What does the sentence “the picture is complex” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) mean?
参考答案D
解析句义猜测题。根据题干信息定位到第三段最后一句“While a similar connection is biologically plausible for cancer，it is far from proven.”，由此可知，虽然一个类似的关联在生物学上看起来同样适用于癌症，但是它还远未得到证明。第四段第二句提到“It isn’t a matter of Fix it in your mind，and you fix it in your body,”，即情况并非如把想法印在脑海就等于把想法施加于身体那么简单。治疗癌症的过程有很多问题没有得到证明，也不是想的那么简单，因此可推知，在治疗癌症的过程中，影响的因素很多，最终结果是它们的共同作用，故答案为D项。
47.
An appropriate title for the text would be ______.
参考答案C
解析标题判断题。通读全文可知本文讨论的是积极乐观的心态与癌症治疗之间是否存在必然联系，并提出了强迫病人积极思考可能会给病人带来另一种精神负担。C项“乐观——病人的另一种负担？”，足够全面地概括全文讨论的内容，故答案为C项。
Text 4 Advances in interfaces—the physical way we react with computers—and other techniques of controlling computers will supplement the role of the traditional keyboard and mouse. Technologies in development include surfaces that allow fingertip control of on-screen objects and devices that sense—and react to—movement.
But we should assess human-computer interaction (HCI) to ensure that we retain control of key decision-making processes, one report suggests.
Display technologies will soon allow us to fix screens of all sizes in a variety of fabrics. In the near future we will still be reading paper books and magazines; but we’ll also be using paper-like digital screens to distribute content.
Cheap and easily-accessed digital storage allows consumers to electronically record and store more aspects of our lives—allowing us to share information and interact with people across the globe. This hyper-connectivity liberates us from fixed telephone lines, desks and offices, while advances in robotics develop the computer’s ability to learn and make decisions.
“New computing technology is tremendously exciting,” said Tom Rodden, Professor at the University of Nottingham. “But the interaction between humans and computers is evolving into a complex ecosystem where small changes can have far-reaching consequences. While new interfaces and hyper-connectivity mean we are increasingly mobile, we can see that they are obscuring the line between work and personal space.”
“Huge storage capabilities raise fundamental privacy issues around what we should be recording and what we should not. The potential of machine learning might well result in computers increasingly making decisions on our behalf. It is imperative that we combine technological innovations with an understanding of their impact on people.”
The report argues that without proper monitoring and assessment it is possible that we may no longer be in control of ourselves or the world around us. This potentially places the computer on a collision course with basic human values and concepts such as personal space, society, identity, in- dependence, perception, intelligence and privacy.
The report gives recommendations for the HCI community to adopt to ensure that human values inform future development. These include educating young people so that they understand HCI and the impact of computer advances early on and engaging with governments, policy-makers and society as a whole to provide counsel and give advance warning of the emerging implications of new computing ecosystems.
“Computing has the potential to enhance the lives of billions of people around the world. We believe that if technology is to truly bring benefit to humanity, then human values and the impact of technology must be considered at the earliest possible opportunity in the technology design process,” said Abigail Sellen, one of the editors of the report.
But we should assess human-computer interaction (HCI) to ensure that we retain control of key decision-making processes, one report suggests.
Display technologies will soon allow us to fix screens of all sizes in a variety of fabrics. In the near future we will still be reading paper books and magazines; but we’ll also be using paper-like digital screens to distribute content.
Cheap and easily-accessed digital storage allows consumers to electronically record and store more aspects of our lives—allowing us to share information and interact with people across the globe. This hyper-connectivity liberates us from fixed telephone lines, desks and offices, while advances in robotics develop the computer’s ability to learn and make decisions.
“New computing technology is tremendously exciting,” said Tom Rodden, Professor at the University of Nottingham. “But the interaction between humans and computers is evolving into a complex ecosystem where small changes can have far-reaching consequences. While new interfaces and hyper-connectivity mean we are increasingly mobile, we can see that they are obscuring the line between work and personal space.”
“Huge storage capabilities raise fundamental privacy issues around what we should be recording and what we should not. The potential of machine learning might well result in computers increasingly making decisions on our behalf. It is imperative that we combine technological innovations with an understanding of their impact on people.”
The report argues that without proper monitoring and assessment it is possible that we may no longer be in control of ourselves or the world around us. This potentially places the computer on a collision course with basic human values and concepts such as personal space, society, identity, in- dependence, perception, intelligence and privacy.
The report gives recommendations for the HCI community to adopt to ensure that human values inform future development. These include educating young people so that they understand HCI and the impact of computer advances early on and engaging with governments, policy-makers and society as a whole to provide counsel and give advance warning of the emerging implications of new computing ecosystems.
“Computing has the potential to enhance the lives of billions of people around the world. We believe that if technology is to truly bring benefit to humanity, then human values and the impact of technology must be considered at the earliest possible opportunity in the technology design process,” said Abigail Sellen, one of the editors of the report.
48.
New technologies will make a computer ______.
参考答案D
解析综合理解题。根据题干信息定位到第一段第一句“Advances in interfaces…will supplement the role of the traditional keyboard and mouse”，由此可知可知，新技术的进步将对传统的键盘和鼠标的作用进行补充。第三段第一句提到“Display technologies will soon allow US to fix screens of all sizes in a variety of fabrics”，即新技术将使我们能够在各种纤维上安装各种尺寸的屏幕。第四段第一句提到“Cheap…record and store more aspects of our lives—allowing US to share information and interact with people across the globe”，即新技术将使消费者与全球的居民分享信息和互动。综合以上信息可知计算机将更符合人们的需求，更加合理，更加人性化，故答案为D项。
49.
Tom Rodden is worried that new interfaces and hyper-connectivity will ______.
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第五段第三句“While new interfaces and hyper—connectivity mean we are increasingly mobile，we can see that they are obscuring the line between work and personal space.”，由此可知，由于新型触屏和超链接使我们变得越来越流动，工作与私人空间之间的界限变得越来越模糊，隐私问题就会出现，因而推断，汤姆·罗登担忧新技术将干涉个人隐私，故答案为B项。
50.
The word “imperative” (Line 3, Paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to ______.
参考答案A
解析词义猜测题。根据题干信息定位到第五段第二句“But the interaction between humans and computers is…far—reaching consequences”，由此可知，人类与计算机之间的互动正在演变为一个复杂的生态体系，其中细微的变化都可能会有深远的影响。第六段第二句提到“The potential of machine learning might well result in computers increasingly making decisions on our behalf.”，即机器的学习潜能可能会导致计算机越来越多地代表我们做出决策。综上所述推断，将技术创新与理解它们的影响，包括潜在影响，结合起来是一项紧迫的任务，故答案为A项。
51.
When left unmonitored, technological innovations may bring about ______.
参考答案C
解析推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第七段“The report argues that without proper monitoring and assessment…This potentially places the computer on a collision course with basic human values and concepts such as…”，由此可知，如果缺乏监督，技术创新可能使我们无法控制自己，或者无法控制周围的世界。这一论断将计算机置于与基本的人类价值观相抵触的境地。C项中的“threat”是原文中“collision”的同义转述，由此推断，缺乏监督的技术创新将威胁人类价值，故答案为C项。
52.
The text focuses on ______.
参考答案A
解析主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文是围绕科技创新给人类生活带来重大影响，其中包括新技术带来的便利，也包括其潜在的威胁展开的一项讨论，因此本文的主旨应为新科技与人类社会的复杂关系，故答案为A项。
三、翻译题
仔细阅读以下文本，然后将划线部分翻译成中文。
Part B
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Ecological economics recognizes that humans and their economies are parts of larger natural ecosystems and co-evolve with those natural systems. 61) There is a material and energy basis for the relations between human economies and their ecosystems, defining not only economic, but social structures and processes. Economies possess general ecosystem properties, such as dynamism, evolution, integrity, stability and sustenance. Economies are embedded in larger natural ecosystems, and exchange flows of materials and energy with natural systems.
62) What makes humans and their economies unique as a sub-ecosystem is their ability, through willful effort, ignorance and human designed tools, to dramatically restructure and reform processes in ecosystems of which they are a part; The ability is to such a magnitude that human welfare can be diminished or enhanced by those original actions. Some types of economic activities, and the welfare that originates from them, would not be sustainable if they substantially adversely impact natural systems.
63) The willful effort to extract useful things from natural systems is motivated by the satisfaction of basic biological needs and the seemingly limitless search for pleasure consumption of goods and through social associations. The magnitude of potential impact on their own welfare through effects on natural systems requires that human decisions be guided by some notion of the value of their actions and the value of their impacts on ecosystems, either in terms of benefits of use or costs of abuse. Some concept of value is required for rational activities of human economies within their natural systems.
Both the structures and processes of natural systems have identifiable instrumental value to the human economy. These narrow use values may be reflected by the summation of individual values, to the extent they are private. However, natural systems also have aesthetic, moral and cultural values. These values are more intrinsic and unmeasurable using traditional human preferences.
64) Valuation is made more complicated by the fact that our natural environment is highly likely to shape values through establishing social and economic relations, aesthetic standards and culture. If so, our decisions now about the natural environment will shape future value systems, making values endogenous and, therefore, a poor guide to behavior. 65) A way out of this dilemma is to make valuations of natural systems based on “What we would like to see society become” rather than to ask what current valuations are. The value of natural systems is then based on their ability to assist us in becoming what we wish to be.
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Ecological economics recognizes that humans and their economies are parts of larger natural ecosystems and co-evolve with those natural systems. 61) There is a material and energy basis for the relations between human economies and their ecosystems, defining not only economic, but social structures and processes. Economies possess general ecosystem properties, such as dynamism, evolution, integrity, stability and sustenance. Economies are embedded in larger natural ecosystems, and exchange flows of materials and energy with natural systems.
62) What makes humans and their economies unique as a sub-ecosystem is their ability, through willful effort, ignorance and human designed tools, to dramatically restructure and reform processes in ecosystems of which they are a part; The ability is to such a magnitude that human welfare can be diminished or enhanced by those original actions. Some types of economic activities, and the welfare that originates from them, would not be sustainable if they substantially adversely impact natural systems.
63) The willful effort to extract useful things from natural systems is motivated by the satisfaction of basic biological needs and the seemingly limitless search for pleasure consumption of goods and through social associations. The magnitude of potential impact on their own welfare through effects on natural systems requires that human decisions be guided by some notion of the value of their actions and the value of their impacts on ecosystems, either in terms of benefits of use or costs of abuse. Some concept of value is required for rational activities of human economies within their natural systems.
Both the structures and processes of natural systems have identifiable instrumental value to the human economy. These narrow use values may be reflected by the summation of individual values, to the extent they are private. However, natural systems also have aesthetic, moral and cultural values. These values are more intrinsic and unmeasurable using traditional human preferences.
64) Valuation is made more complicated by the fact that our natural environment is highly likely to shape values through establishing social and economic relations, aesthetic standards and culture. If so, our decisions now about the natural environment will shape future value systems, making values endogenous and, therefore, a poor guide to behavior. 65) A way out of this dilemma is to make valuations of natural systems based on “What we would like to see society become” rather than to ask what current valuations are. The value of natural systems is then based on their ability to assist us in becoming what we wish to be.
53.
______.
参考答案人类经济发展与生态体系之间的关系有一个物质与能源的基础，该基础不仅决定经济结构，也决定社会结构与过程。
解析(define在这里表示“起决定性作用”，social structures and processes“社会结构与过程”，分析句子结构可知“defining not only economic, but social structures and processes”做后置定语，修饰material and energy basis。)
54.
______.
参考答案使人类与他们的经济成为独特次生态系统的是他们通过有意的努力与忽视，以及他们自己设计的工具，剧烈地改造与变革生态体系的过程的能力，而他们本身也是该体系的一部分。
解析(分析句子结构，what引导名词性从句做主语；through willful effort, ignorance and human designed tools是插入语；to dramatically restructure and reform processes in ecosystems of which they are a part是动词不定式做后置定语修饰their ability。sub-ecosystem“次生态系统”，willful“有意的”，dramatically“剧烈地”，注意最后的代词they指代的是humans。)
55.
______.
参考答案从自然系统之中选择有用事物的有意努力是由满足基本的生理需求和通过消费商品、进行社会活动，对享乐看似无止境的追求所激发的。
解析(分析句子结构，satisfaction of basic biological needs 与seemingly limitless search for pleasure 是并列成分；后面的through…and through…作“对享乐进行无止境的追求”的方式状语；extract“抽取，提取”，seemingly“从表面上看”。)
56.
______.
参考答案由于我们的自然环境很可能会通过建立社会与经济之间的关系、建立审美标准和文化来影响价值，做出衡量就变得更加复杂。
解析(分析句子结构可知，that引导同位语从句，作fact的同位语；be likely to “很有可能会……”，complicate在这里形容词活用为动词，意为“使……复杂化”，aesthetic standards“审美标准”。)
57.
______.
参考答案解决这一困境的方法是使自然体系的价值基于“我们希望社会能够变成的模样”，而非探讨当前的价值是什么。
解析(分析句子结构，A way out of this dilemma 是主语；is 是谓语；to make valuations of natural systems不定式作表语；整个based on引导的句子做宾补；dilemma“困境，窘境”。)
四、写作题
阅读以下文本并写一篇文章
58.
Directions:
66.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay on them.In your essay, you should
(1) describe the pictures briefly,
(2) analyze this situation, and
(3) give your comments.
You should write 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Nobody can live happily without dreams,
and nobody can live happily only with dreams.
66.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay on them.In your essay, you should
(1) describe the pictures briefly,
(2) analyze this situation, and
(3) give your comments.
You should write 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Nobody can live happily without dreams,
and nobody can live happily only with dreams.
参考答案详见解析
解析【参考范文】
Dreams and Hard Work In the first picture, we can see that a man is pulling a heavily loaded cart with downcast eyes, not knowing the road before him.In the second one, the man is lying idly and daydreaming about becoming a millionaire overnight, going to the best university, and living in a luxurious department.
Dreams are important in that they motivate people and direct people towards success.With dreams, people strive forward, get courage against obstacles, and work hard towards certain goals.Without dreams, we cannot achieve great success.No matter how hard one toils, he doesn’t know what he goes for.However, this does not mean that one could achieve something only with dreams, for dream things are not real.Imagining things without making efforts in them is daydreaming and a mere waste of time.One has to take action in order to make dreams come true.
Dreams are indispensable for success in life, yet dreams alone will not win the day.Only when we take down-to-earth steps shall steady progress be made and dreams be realized.Therefore, we must combined dreams and hard work to achieve success.
【范文点评】
写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义。本文第一段对图片进行客观描述；第二段陈述图片所影射的社会现象并表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法，即梦想使人进步，每个人都应该拥有梦想，但不能一味的空想，要付出实际行动；第四段对以上内容进行总结，梦想是必不可少的，但不能只有梦想，而不行动，因此我们要将梦想和劳动结合起来。
【闪光词汇】
dream of／about梦想
drive sb.forward 推动某人进步
dreams are important in that…梦想的重要性在于…
direct sth.towards sth.将某物引导到某处
down-to-earth实际的，现实的
Dreams and Hard Work In the first picture, we can see that a man is pulling a heavily loaded cart with downcast eyes, not knowing the road before him.In the second one, the man is lying idly and daydreaming about becoming a millionaire overnight, going to the best university, and living in a luxurious department.
Dreams are important in that they motivate people and direct people towards success.With dreams, people strive forward, get courage against obstacles, and work hard towards certain goals.Without dreams, we cannot achieve great success.No matter how hard one toils, he doesn’t know what he goes for.However, this does not mean that one could achieve something only with dreams, for dream things are not real.Imagining things without making efforts in them is daydreaming and a mere waste of time.One has to take action in order to make dreams come true.
Dreams are indispensable for success in life, yet dreams alone will not win the day.Only when we take down-to-earth steps shall steady progress be made and dreams be realized.Therefore, we must combined dreams and hard work to achieve success.
【范文点评】
写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义。本文第一段对图片进行客观描述；第二段陈述图片所影射的社会现象并表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法，即梦想使人进步，每个人都应该拥有梦想，但不能一味的空想，要付出实际行动；第四段对以上内容进行总结，梦想是必不可少的，但不能只有梦想，而不行动，因此我们要将梦想和劳动结合起来。
【闪光词汇】
dream of／about梦想
drive sb.forward 推动某人进步
dreams are important in that…梦想的重要性在于…
direct sth.towards sth.将某物引导到某处
down-to-earth实际的，现实的