英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题（网友回忆版）二
一、听力题
根据要求选择正确的答案。
〈huixue_java/202411/OB8DRm_2013.mp3〉
1.
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.
Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
If you have any questions, you may raise your hand now as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a radio program about resources on the Internet.While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the information has been given to you in the table.Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.
Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
If you have any questions, you may raise your hand now as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a radio program about resources on the Internet.While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the information has been given to you in the table.Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.
参考答案1.rare 录音中提到“That’s why I turn to the Internet to find rare books I seek”，由此可知，说话者转向网络是为了寻找不常见的书，故空格处应填rare，表示“珍稀，罕见”。<br /> 2.6,540 录音中提到“It links to more than 6,540 bookstores in North America, listing up to 21 million rare copies”，由此可知，这家网站连接6540家北美书店，故空格处填6,540。<br /> 3.8,000 录音中提到“This guy sells up to as many as 8,000 books a day”，由此可知每天可通过网站卖出八千本书，故空格处填8,000。<br /> 4.Netnews 录音中提到“To link directly to this Canadian site, visit the Internet news on Netnews.com on the World Wide Web”，由此可知网站名为Netnews.com，故空格处填Netnews。<br /> 5.challenges 录音中提到“It’s an international center of higher learning, providing educational opportunities to meet today’s global challenges”，由此可知，华盛顿大学提供的教育机会是为了应对全球挑战，故空格处应填challenges，表示“挑战”。<br /> 【录音原文】<br /> I love books and I love bookstores too, but I don’t always have the time to explore them.That’s why I turn to the Internet to find rare books I seek.I’m Charles Bourne, reporting to the Internet News.Today’s report is on Dan’s book exchange.Book lovers flock to this Canadian website and they do so with good reason.It links to more than 6,540 bookstores in North America, listing up to 21 million rare copies, used books and out-of-print volumes.This guy sells up to as many as 8,000 books a day.You can usually buy a book from the site or deal directly with the bookstores.Your time is precious.Spend it reading your book instead of hunting for it.To link directly to this Canadian site, visit the Internet news on Netnews.com on the World Wide Web.The Internet news is a service of George Washington University in Washington, D.C.It’s an international center of higher learning, providing educational opportunities to meet today’s global challenges.This is Charles Bourne for CBC.We will be happy to mail you a CBC frequency schedule if you just send us a...
解析
2.
Part B
Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear a brief talk about the popularity of coffee.While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions.Use no more than 3 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.
Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear a brief talk about the popularity of coffee.While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions.Use no more than 3 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.
参考答案6.1.25 million 录音中提到“Americans use about 1.25 million tons of coffee each year”，由此可知，美国人每年要喝125万吨咖啡，故空格处填1.25 million。<br /> 7.30 pounds 录音中提到“Swedes consume the most, an average of 30 pounds each year per person”，由此可知，瑞典人每天平均要喝30磅咖啡，因此空格处应填30 pounds。<br /> 8.poisonous 录音中提到“King Gustav HI of Sweden believed the coffee was poisonous”，由此可知，瑞典国王认为咖啡有毒，故空格处填poisonous，表示“有毒的”。<br /> 9.The doctors 录音中提到“The doctors died first, then the King died”，由此可知，医生最先去世，故空格处应填The doctors。<br /> 10.awake and alive 录音中提到“This drug makes people feel awake and alive”，由此可知，咖啡可以让人保持清醒，让人长寿。故空格处应填awake and alive。<br /> 【录音原文】<br /> Each morning, millions of Americans stumble out of bed and head for the kitchen.The reason is to get a steaming cup of fresh black coffee.Many people say they can not live without it.And most coffee drinkers do not stop at one cup.Get down coffee all day.Americans even have a special time of day to drink coffee--the coffee break.This break is even required by law.All in all, Americans use about 1.25 million tons of coffee each year.That is two and a half cups daily for each person.Americans are not the world’s only coffee drinkers.All around the world, people drink more coffee than any other beverage.Swedes consume the most, an average of 30 pounds each year per person.The people of Sweden have not always drunk coffee.In the 18th century, King Gustav III of Sweden believed the coffee was poisonous.He decided to prove that his belief was correct.I sentenced a murderer to drink coffee every day until he died.By comparison, another murderer was sentenced to drink tea every day.Two doctors watched the two men to see who will die first.The doctors died first.Then the King died.Finally, after many years, one of the murderers died at the age of 83.He was the tea drinker.Coffee may or may not give long life, but it certainly gives energy.Coffee contains caffeine.This drug makes people feel awake and alive.This is one reason people drink coffee.
解析
3.
Part C
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues.Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds m read each of the questions which accompany it.While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D.After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question.You will hear each piece once only.
Questions 11-13 are based on a talk about World AIDS Day.
World AIDS Day is a day to
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues.Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds m read each of the questions which accompany it.While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D.After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question.You will hear each piece once only.
Questions 11-13 are based on a talk about World AIDS Day.
World AIDS Day is a day to
参考答案D
解析录音中提到“the observance gives...a chance to show the importance of the fight against AIDS.It also is a day to celebrate progress in efforts to stop the spread of the disease”，由此可知，世界艾滋病日是为了告诉人们抵抗艾滋病的重要性，也是为了庆祝艾滋病的传播取得的进步，故D项正确。
4.
What is the theme for the next year’ s AIDS campaign?
参考答案B
解析录音中提到“He says the world AIDS campaign for the next year is about the way people infected with the AIDS virus are treated”，由此可知，明年艾滋病运动的主题是关于艾滋病患者的治疗方法，故B项正确。
5.
How many women were infected with the AIDS virus last year?
参考答案A
解析录音中提到“Last year, more than 4 million adults became infected.2 million of them are women”，由此可知，去年2百万女性感染了艾滋病。故答案为A项。
【录音原文】
Sunday is World AIDS Day.World AIDS Day was first declared in the conference in 1988.Each year, the observance gives governments, other organizations and intriduals a chance to show the importance of the fight against AIDS.It also is a day to celebrate progress in efforts to stop the spread of the disease.The message for World AIDS Day this year is living let live.Peach Pile is the head of the United Nations AIDS program.He says the world AIDS campaign for the next year is about the way people infected with the AIDS virus are treated.He says those infected can be treated on healing school, ward places and religious centers.He is urging everyone to fight these unfair treatments wherever it is found.He says that would help clear the way to progress in fighting AIDS itself.This week, UN officials reported that about half of those infected worldwide are women.Until now, more men were infected.The UN’s new report estimates that 4,2 million people are infected with the AIDS virus, also called HIV.Nearly 39 million of those infected are adults.More than 19 million of them are women.Last year, more than 4 million adults became infected.2 million of them are women.UN officials say many women were infected through sex with infected men.Studies have found HIV passes more easily from men to women than from women to men.
【录音原文】
Sunday is World AIDS Day.World AIDS Day was first declared in the conference in 1988.Each year, the observance gives governments, other organizations and intriduals a chance to show the importance of the fight against AIDS.It also is a day to celebrate progress in efforts to stop the spread of the disease.The message for World AIDS Day this year is living let live.Peach Pile is the head of the United Nations AIDS program.He says the world AIDS campaign for the next year is about the way people infected with the AIDS virus are treated.He says those infected can be treated on healing school, ward places and religious centers.He is urging everyone to fight these unfair treatments wherever it is found.He says that would help clear the way to progress in fighting AIDS itself.This week, UN officials reported that about half of those infected worldwide are women.Until now, more men were infected.The UN’s new report estimates that 4,2 million people are infected with the AIDS virus, also called HIV.Nearly 39 million of those infected are adults.More than 19 million of them are women.Last year, more than 4 million adults became infected.2 million of them are women.UN officials say many women were infected through sex with infected men.Studies have found HIV passes more easily from men to women than from women to men.
6.
Questions 14-16 are based on the biography of Stephen Biko, a South African political leader for the Black Consciousness Movement.
What did Biko study in the university?
What did Biko study in the university?
参考答案C
解析录音中提到“He entered the university of Natal in 1966 to study Medicine”，由此可知，他学的是医学。故C项正确。
7.
When did Biko become the honorary president of the Black People’s Convention?
参考答案B
解析录音中提到“In 1972, a union of more than 70 black organizations established the Black People’s Convention and Biko was named the honorary president”，由此可知，Biko在1972年成为黑人大会的荣誉主席。故B项正确。
8.
What did the South African Government do with the Black Consciousness Movement at the beginning?
参考答案A
解析录音中提到“The South African Government initially tolerated the Black Consciousness Movement”，由此可知南非政府一开始对黑人觉醒运动采取容忍态度，故A项正确。
【录音原文】
Stephen Biko, a South African political leader of the late 1960s, became known as a hero for Black Nationalism upon his death in prison.Biko was born in King William’s Town in what is now the province of Easten Cape.He entered the University of Natal in 1966 to study Medicine.In 1972, Biko was expelled for his political activities which were directed at the white minority government of South Africa and its restrictive racial policies.Biko thought to liberate the minds of Americans and was one of the founders of the Black Consciousness Movement in the late 1960s.Students were in the forefront of the Black Consciousness Movement and in 1968 they also founded the South American students’ organization which operated as a black group, separate from the white national union of South African students.Biko served as the black organization’s first president.He also was important in starting other black groups.In 1972, a union of more than 70 black organizations established the Black People’s Convention and Biko was named the honorary president.The South African Government initially tolerated the Black Consciousness Movement and some of the other black organizations, but it began cracking down on them in the early 1970s.Biko was banned from many activities in 1973 and arrested several times.In August 1977, Biko was arrested again and was severely beaten by the police while in prison.He died within a month of his arrest.
【录音原文】
Stephen Biko, a South African political leader of the late 1960s, became known as a hero for Black Nationalism upon his death in prison.Biko was born in King William’s Town in what is now the province of Easten Cape.He entered the University of Natal in 1966 to study Medicine.In 1972, Biko was expelled for his political activities which were directed at the white minority government of South Africa and its restrictive racial policies.Biko thought to liberate the minds of Americans and was one of the founders of the Black Consciousness Movement in the late 1960s.Students were in the forefront of the Black Consciousness Movement and in 1968 they also founded the South American students’ organization which operated as a black group, separate from the white national union of South African students.Biko served as the black organization’s first president.He also was important in starting other black groups.In 1972, a union of more than 70 black organizations established the Black People’s Convention and Biko was named the honorary president.The South African Government initially tolerated the Black Consciousness Movement and some of the other black organizations, but it began cracking down on them in the early 1970s.Biko was banned from many activities in 1973 and arrested several times.In August 1977, Biko was arrested again and was severely beaten by the police while in prison.He died within a month of his arrest.
9.
Questions 17-20 are based on a talk about left-handers.
What is the purpose of Left-handers International?
What is the purpose of Left-handers International?
参考答案B
解析录音中提到“The purpose of the organization is to fight discrimination, particularly in jobs and to inform the public”，由此可知，左撇子协会的目的是为了改变公众对左撇子的看法，故B项正确。
10.
What have researchers found in their studies of hand preference?
参考答案A
解析录音中提到“It’s been found...that all children use both hands about equally until they are 3 years old”，由此可知，A项正确。
11.
Left-handers seem more athletic because they
参考答案D
解析录音中提到“They also seem to be more athletic and to do better in some professions，which like sports, require a good sense of space”，由此可知，左撇子更擅长运动是因为空间感更好。故D项正确。
12.
What is the problem some left-handers might suffer from?
参考答案C
解析录音中提到“they’re more likely to suffer from problems such as difficulty in reading and inability to speak normally”，由此可知，左撇子语言能力可能会有缺陷。故C项正确。
【录音原文】
There are millions of left-handed people in the world, 25 million in the United States.A number of them got together in 1975 to form an association called Left-handers International.The purpose of the organization is to fight discrimination, particularly in jobs and to inform the public.The members want everybody to understand that left-handers are neither strange nor sick nor dangerous.Many studies have been made recently about hand preference in humans.They have brought interesting results.It’s been found, for instance, that many more men than women are left-handed, that all children use both hands about equally until they are 3 years old and that hand preference is not clearly until age 6.Above that age, most people not only favor one particular hand but they also have a favorite eye, a favorite ear and foot.We know that the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain.It seems that this particular half is the seat of emotions, imagination and of the sense of space.And indeed, lefties seem to be more creative than their right-handed fellow humans.They also seem to be more athletic and to do better in some professions, which like sports, require a good sense of space.In a large school of architecture, it was found in 1977 that 29% of the professors and 23% of the graduating students were left-handed while lefties represent less than 10% of the general population.Finally, left-handers may be more stubborn than right-handers and they’re more likely to suffer from problems such as difficulty in reading and inability to speak normally.The problems are more serious in left-handed people who have been forced to favor their right hand.Doctors insist that one should never try to change a child’s hand preference.
【录音原文】
There are millions of left-handed people in the world, 25 million in the United States.A number of them got together in 1975 to form an association called Left-handers International.The purpose of the organization is to fight discrimination, particularly in jobs and to inform the public.The members want everybody to understand that left-handers are neither strange nor sick nor dangerous.Many studies have been made recently about hand preference in humans.They have brought interesting results.It’s been found, for instance, that many more men than women are left-handed, that all children use both hands about equally until they are 3 years old and that hand preference is not clearly until age 6.Above that age, most people not only favor one particular hand but they also have a favorite eye, a favorite ear and foot.We know that the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain.It seems that this particular half is the seat of emotions, imagination and of the sense of space.And indeed, lefties seem to be more creative than their right-handed fellow humans.They also seem to be more athletic and to do better in some professions, which like sports, require a good sense of space.In a large school of architecture, it was found in 1977 that 29% of the professors and 23% of the graduating students were left-handed while lefties represent less than 10% of the general population.Finally, left-handers may be more stubborn than right-handers and they’re more likely to suffer from problems such as difficulty in reading and inability to speak normally.The problems are more serious in left-handed people who have been forced to favor their right hand.Doctors insist that one should never try to change a child’s hand preference.
二、阅读理解题
根据题干选择正确的答案。
Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present.Pragmatism calls 21 ideas and theories to be tested in practice, by 22 whether acting upon the idea or theory produces desirable or undesirable results.
The ideas of the pragmatists were considered 23 when they first appeared.To some critics, pragmatism’ s 24 to affirm any absolute standards carded negative implications for society. 25 , pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists, but 26 that these concepts are changeable and depend on the 27 in which they are being discussed.The 28 of these absolutes, critics feared, could result in a (n) 29 in moral standards.The pragmatists’ denial of absolutes, 30 , challenged the foundations of religion, government, and schools of thought. 31 ,pragmatism influenced developments in psychology, sociology, and many other schools and movements. 32 political groups have also drawn 33 the assumptions of pragmatism, from the progressive movements of the early 20th century to later experiments in social reform.
Pragmatism is best 34 in its historical and cultural context.It arose during the late 19th century, a period of rapid scientific advancement 35 by the theories of British biologist Charles Darwin, whose theories 36 to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a 37 state of progress.During this same period, a decline in 38 religious beliefs and values accompanied the industrialization and material progress of the time.In 39 , it became necessary to rethink 40 ideas about values, religion, science, community, and intriduality.
Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present.Pragmatism calls 21 ideas and theories to be tested in practice, by 22 whether acting upon the idea or theory produces desirable or undesirable results.
The ideas of the pragmatists were considered 23 when they first appeared.To some critics, pragmatism’ s 24 to affirm any absolute standards carded negative implications for society. 25 , pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists, but 26 that these concepts are changeable and depend on the 27 in which they are being discussed.The 28 of these absolutes, critics feared, could result in a (n) 29 in moral standards.The pragmatists’ denial of absolutes, 30 , challenged the foundations of religion, government, and schools of thought. 31 ,pragmatism influenced developments in psychology, sociology, and many other schools and movements. 32 political groups have also drawn 33 the assumptions of pragmatism, from the progressive movements of the early 20th century to later experiments in social reform.
Pragmatism is best 34 in its historical and cultural context.It arose during the late 19th century, a period of rapid scientific advancement 35 by the theories of British biologist Charles Darwin, whose theories 36 to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a 37 state of progress.During this same period, a decline in 38 religious beliefs and values accompanied the industrialization and material progress of the time.In 39 , it became necessary to rethink 40 ideas about values, religion, science, community, and intriduality.
13.
______.
参考答案A
解析句意：实用主义要求想法和理论经过实践的检验，从而确定实践这一想法或理论是否会产生令人期许的结果。联系上下文可知，此处是想表达实用主义的内涵。call for表示“需要；提倡”，符合句意，故A项正确。call in召来。call out大叫。call off取消，放弃。
14.
______.
参考答案C
解析联系语境可知，想法和理论接受实践的检验，自然是为了确定某种结果。assess确定，评估。符合句意，因此C项正确。discuss讨论。predict预测。question提问，质疑。
15.
______.
参考答案C
解析句意：实用主义者的想法一出现就被认为具有革命性意义。本段提到实用主义思想经历了批评者的质疑，因为它挑战了宗教、政府和思想流派的根本，由此可知，实用主义是一股具有革命性的思潮。revolutionary表示“革命性的”，符合句意，故C项正确。reasonable合理的。credible可靠的。revolutionary革命性。
16.
______.
参考答案B
解析句意：对一些批评者来说，实用主义者拒绝相信绝对的标准给社会带来了负面影响。后一句提到“pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists”，由此可知，实用主义者不相信绝对的标准，refusal表示“拒绝”，符合句意，故选B项。effort努力。intention意图。hesitation犹豫不决。
17.
______.
参考答案C
解析句意：比如，实用主义者不相信存在绝对的善良和绝对的正义，而认为这些观念是变化的，取决于讨论的语境。由前文提到absolute standards和后文的absolute idea of goodness or justice可知，此处是通过举例来具体说明前一句中实用主义者的思想。for example表示“例如”，符合句意，故C项正确。in turn 轮流。above all首先。in addition除此。
18.
______.
参考答案A
解析not...but...表示“不是……而是……”。rather表示“而是……”，符合句意，故A项正确。also也。still仍然。even甚至。
19.
______.
参考答案C
解析由常识可知，思想和观点会因“语境”不同而发生变化。context表示“语境，背景”，为抽象的背景，符合句意，故选C项。domain领域，疆土。vicinity附近。surrounding周围的事物。
20.
______.
参考答案D
解析句意：批评者们担心，没有了这些绝对的标准，会造成道德沦丧。上文提到实用主义者不相信绝对的标准，因此此处批评家们依然是在担心失去这些绝对标准带来的后果。absence表示“不存在，缺席”，符合句意，故D项正确。subject物体，主语。defect缺陷。existence存在。
21.
______.
参考答案B
解析由“critics feared”可知，此处应该是不好的结果。decline表示“下降，降低”，符合句意，moral decline表示“道德沦丧”，故B项正确。change改变。correction改正。interest兴趣；利益。
22.
______.
参考答案B
解析句意：然而，实用主义者对绝对标准的否定，挑战了宗教、政府和思想流派的根本。前一句提到批评家担心实用主义的负面影响，下一句提到实用主义的积极意义，因此空格处需要填入表示转折意义的词，nevertheless表示“然而”，符合句意，故B项正确。therefore因此。anyway无论如何。moreover另外。
23.
______.
参考答案C
解析句意：结果，实用主义影响了心理学、社会学以及其他思想流派和运动的发展。实用主义对各领域提出了挑战与实用主义促进了各领域的发展为因果关系，因此空格处应填表示因果关系的词，as a result表示“结果”，符合句意，故C项正确。as a rule 通常。on the contrary 相反。on average平均来说，一般来说。
24.
______.
参考答案B
解析句意：各类政治团体也吸收实用主义的观点，从20世纪早期的进步运动到后期社会变革上的实验。此处依然讲述实用主义的积极影响，various表示“各种各样的”，强调影响范围之广，符合句意，故B项正确。particular特殊的。significant重要的。few 极少的。
25.
______.
参考答案A
解析draw on表示“吸收，借鉴”，符合句意，故A项正确。draw in吸入，缩小。draw up提起；草拟。draw forth引出。
26.
______.
参考答案D
解析句意：实用主义最好放在它所处于的历史和文化语境中理解。本段主要阐述实用主义思潮产生的历史背景，而这一背景有助于“理解”实用主义。understand表示“理解”，符合句意，故D项正确。simulate模仿。handle处理。practice实践。
27.
______.
参考答案D
解析句意：实用主义产生于20世纪末，当时科学发展迅速，这一现象得到英国生物学家达尔文的理论的支撑。后文提到，达尔文的理论认为人类和社会处于不断的进步当中，因此它为科学发展提供了支撑。justified证明。符合句意，故D项正确。typify以……为代表，以……为典型。systemize形成体系。generalize概括。
28.
______.
参考答案D
解析句意：达尔文的理论向许多思想家表明：人类和社会处于不断的进步当中。suggest表示“表明；暗示；建议”，符合句意，故D项正确。suppose认为。contribute造成，贡献于……。imply暗示。
29.
______.
参考答案A
解析由常识可知，进化论认为人类和社会一直在进步。perpetual不断的；永恒的。符合句意，因此A项正确。consistent连贯的。prosperous繁荣的。temporary暂时的。
30.
______.
参考答案C
解析句意：与此同时，传统宗教信仰和价值观的减少伴随着工业化和物质进步。工业化将人类带进现代社会，与之相对应。宗教信仰和价值观属于传统方面。traditional表示“传统的”，符合句意，故C项正确。universal普遍的。prevalent流行的，普遍的。representative代表的。
31.
______.
参考答案A
解析“重新思考关于价值、宗教、科学、社会和个人的基本观念”与前文提到的“传统的宗教信仰和价值观的逐渐衰落”构成因果关系，in consequence表示“结果”，符合句意，故A项正确。reality现实。essence实质。contrast对比。
32.
______.
参考答案B
解析本文强调实用主义对基本价值观的冲击，fundamental表示“基本的，根本的”，符合句意，故B项正确。confusing令人迷惑的。controversial有争议的。dominant统治的，主导的。
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee has concluded that a novel new treatment can greatly help rheumatoid arthritis patients.
The panel recommended approving Enbrel for use alone in patients who haven’t responded to other drugs or in combination with methotrexate, a cancer drug that has been the main treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
The FDA must make a final decision by early November, and the drug’s maker says it could be on the market by year’s end.
In rheumatoid arthritis, which affects 2.1 million Americans, the immune system attacks healthy joints. A major wrongdoer in this process is a protein called “tumor killing factor”, or TNF, which interacts with a special molecule, or TNF receptor, on cells’ surfaces.
To keep inflammation in cheek, cells normally release some receptors to mop up excess TNF, rendering it inactive. Apparently, rheumatoid arthritis patients don’t have enough free-floating TNF receptors.
Enbrel consists of genetically engineered TNF receptors. In a six-month study, 234 patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis received one of two doses of Eubrel or a placebo ( harmless substance given as if it were medicine) in twice-a-week injections. They took injections for six months. By the end, 40% of patients on the larger Eubrel dose saw symptoms, such as swelling and joint pain, cut in half. Only 5% on the placebo did that well. The main side effect was minor irritation at the injection site.
Because some TNF is needed for a normal immune response, there is at least a theoretical risk of infections or even cancer in patients who take Enbrel, so the FDA panel urged long-term safety studies.
Last week, the FDA approved Arava, an oral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis that is similar to methotrexate. While calling both Enbrel and Arava “potentially very important”, Brian Butcher, vice president for research at the Arthritis Foundation, notes they have been tested in relatively few patients.
Butcher says their safety should be closely monitored once they’re widely available.
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee has concluded that a novel new treatment can greatly help rheumatoid arthritis patients.
The panel recommended approving Enbrel for use alone in patients who haven’t responded to other drugs or in combination with methotrexate, a cancer drug that has been the main treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
The FDA must make a final decision by early November, and the drug’s maker says it could be on the market by year’s end.
In rheumatoid arthritis, which affects 2.1 million Americans, the immune system attacks healthy joints. A major wrongdoer in this process is a protein called “tumor killing factor”, or TNF, which interacts with a special molecule, or TNF receptor, on cells’ surfaces.
To keep inflammation in cheek, cells normally release some receptors to mop up excess TNF, rendering it inactive. Apparently, rheumatoid arthritis patients don’t have enough free-floating TNF receptors.
Enbrel consists of genetically engineered TNF receptors. In a six-month study, 234 patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis received one of two doses of Eubrel or a placebo ( harmless substance given as if it were medicine) in twice-a-week injections. They took injections for six months. By the end, 40% of patients on the larger Eubrel dose saw symptoms, such as swelling and joint pain, cut in half. Only 5% on the placebo did that well. The main side effect was minor irritation at the injection site.
Because some TNF is needed for a normal immune response, there is at least a theoretical risk of infections or even cancer in patients who take Enbrel, so the FDA panel urged long-term safety studies.
Last week, the FDA approved Arava, an oral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis that is similar to methotrexate. While calling both Enbrel and Arava “potentially very important”, Brian Butcher, vice president for research at the Arthritis Foundation, notes they have been tested in relatively few patients.
Butcher says their safety should be closely monitored once they’re widely available.
33.
Enbrel as recommended by FDA advisory committee
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。第一段“A Food and Drug Administration...can greatly help rheumatoid arthritis patients”，通过阅读后文可知“新疗法”指的是Enbrel（恩利），因此恩利能给风湿性关节炎患者带来希望。故B项正确。
34.
Which of the following is responsible for the inflammation of the joints?
参考答案C
解析细节理解题。由题干中的关键词“joints”可定位至第四段第二句“A major wrongdoer in this process is a protein called ‘tumor killing factor’, or TNF...”，由此可知，造成关节发炎的主要物质是“肿瘤坏死因子”，一种杀死肿瘤的蛋白质，故C项正确。
35.
We learn from Paragraph 6 that
参考答案A
解析细节理解题。由题干可定位至第六段，第四句提到“By the end, 40% of patients on the larger Enbrel dose saw symptoms, such as swelling and joint pain, cut in half”，由此可知，40%接受较大剂量恩利注射的患者出现了诸如肿胀或者关节疼痛减轻一半的症状。选项B称关节炎患者在接受恩利治疗之后表现出了症状，选项C称关节炎患者在注射安慰剂之后症状消失，选项D称只有5%接受安慰剂汴射的患者表现出诸如肿胀和关节疼痛的症状，都与原文意思不符，故选A“大量服用恩利注射剂可减缓病人的症状”。
36.
The wide use of the new drug Enbrel relies much on
参考答案D
解析推理判断题。倒数第三段提到“因为一些肿瘤坏死对正常的免疫反应是必需的，使用恩利的患者至少在理论上会遭受感染或者甚至癌症的风险，因此，食品药品管理局专门小组敦促进行长期的安全性研究”，由此可知恩利能否广泛使用取决于长期安全性研究。故D项正确。
37.
Which of the following might be an appropriate title for the text?
参考答案C
解析主旨大意题。通读全文可在，本文主要介绍一种治疗风湿性关节炎的新药——恩利的药理作用以及可能造成的风险，并提到食品药品管理局对于审批该药十分谨慎，敦促进行长期的安全性研究。选项C“关节炎药物的审批之路”涵盖了文章的主要内容，故C项正确。其余三项均未文章的某一方面，不足以概括全文内容。
Text 2
How far away you are from retirement plays a large part in how you should invest your retirement money. According to Leslie Wright of Westminster Portfolio Services Ltd., there are three stages to a long-term regular savings plan for retirement: capitalization, consolidation and conservation. In the frost stage, people should be most concerned with building up their retirement savings investment. According to Wright, these investors can “take as aggressive an outlook as their nerves can stand,” because at this point there is little capital to risk. The second step, consolidation, makes up the bulk of your savings plan; balance the aggressive investments with some tamer ones, to better protect your existing possessions. The final change, from consolidation to conservation, when your investments should aim to preserve the capital you have, should take place one to three years before you retire. The exact timing of all these should take current market conditions into account, although Wright warns against risky betting on future growth. “Greed must not be allowed to blind prudence,” he says.
Whatever vehicles you choose for your retirement share-holding, be sure to take advantage of dollar-cost averaging. By investing a fixed amount at regular intervals, you’ll be able to avoid the risk of poorly timed investments by averaging out the peaks and valleys of the market. Plus, regular contributions will let you avoid the temptation to drop out when the market fails, and to buy too much when prices are high.
Those who are well along the road to retirement may have cause for concern these days. The plunging stock and property markets have shrunk savings, for retirement and otherwise; and some people have not planned for their retirement at all.
You won’t be that rash, of course, but what if you’re already in mid-career and don’t have a retirement plan in place? If you don’t make some serious cuts in your spending and save heavily now, you’ll have to sacrifice in your golden years.
Of course, it’s better still to get off on the right foot by starting your planning early. “No one should have to compromise his riving standards when be retires,” says Wright. “Retirement is a time to really enjoy life. We have all worked so hard. “And one of the things you should be working hard on right now is planning for those days of enjoyment.
How far away you are from retirement plays a large part in how you should invest your retirement money. According to Leslie Wright of Westminster Portfolio Services Ltd., there are three stages to a long-term regular savings plan for retirement: capitalization, consolidation and conservation. In the frost stage, people should be most concerned with building up their retirement savings investment. According to Wright, these investors can “take as aggressive an outlook as their nerves can stand,” because at this point there is little capital to risk. The second step, consolidation, makes up the bulk of your savings plan; balance the aggressive investments with some tamer ones, to better protect your existing possessions. The final change, from consolidation to conservation, when your investments should aim to preserve the capital you have, should take place one to three years before you retire. The exact timing of all these should take current market conditions into account, although Wright warns against risky betting on future growth. “Greed must not be allowed to blind prudence,” he says.
Whatever vehicles you choose for your retirement share-holding, be sure to take advantage of dollar-cost averaging. By investing a fixed amount at regular intervals, you’ll be able to avoid the risk of poorly timed investments by averaging out the peaks and valleys of the market. Plus, regular contributions will let you avoid the temptation to drop out when the market fails, and to buy too much when prices are high.
Those who are well along the road to retirement may have cause for concern these days. The plunging stock and property markets have shrunk savings, for retirement and otherwise; and some people have not planned for their retirement at all.
You won’t be that rash, of course, but what if you’re already in mid-career and don’t have a retirement plan in place? If you don’t make some serious cuts in your spending and save heavily now, you’ll have to sacrifice in your golden years.
Of course, it’s better still to get off on the right foot by starting your planning early. “No one should have to compromise his riving standards when be retires,” says Wright. “Retirement is a time to really enjoy life. We have all worked so hard. “And one of the things you should be working hard on right now is planning for those days of enjoyment.
38.
In the first stage of saving for retirement, people can take an aggressive investment strategy.because
参考答案C
解析细节理解题。由题干中的关键词“aggressive investment strategy”可定位至第一段第四句“...these investors can take as aggressive an outlook as their nerves can stand, because at this point there is little capital to risk”，由此可知，怀特建议投资者采取这种激进的投资态度，是因为它几乎没有资金风险，此处的投资指的是长期的储蓄投资，故C项正确。
39.
To avoid the risk of poorly timed investments, one should
参考答案B
解析细节理解题。由题干中的关键词“to avoid the poorly timed investments”可定位至第二段。本段提到，如要避免时机不佳的投资，可以通过间隔固定的时间段来投资固定的数目，在市场的髙峰和低谷中达到平衡，故B项正确。
40.
What does the phrase “in your golden years” (Line 3, Paragraph 4,) mean?
参考答案D
解析推理判断题。全文提倡人们在职业生涯时期为退休时期做好储蓄和投资计划，由最后一句“And one of the things you should be working hard on right now is planning for those days of enjoyment”可知，现在应该为享受退休生活做好准备。因此，现在不做准备，就等于牺牲了退休生活的享受，即晚年，故D项正确。
41.
The author might agree to the argument that
参考答案B
解析观点态度题。全文强调尽早为退休时期做出投资计划的重要性，并提出投资建议，表明作者重视储蓄、投资，重视退休时期的资金保障，B项“拥有大量金钱远比钱不够花要好”符合文章意思，故B项正确。
42.
Which of the following might be an appropriate title for the text?
参考答案B
解析主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了针对退休的投资计划策略，并强调尽早制定计划，以保障退休后能享受生活。选项B最大程度地概括了全文意思，A项“储蓄策略”和C项“退休计划”和D项“充满风险的股市”过于片面，不足以概括文章主要内容。
Text 3
In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality.
Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice.
In 387 BC Plato, who bad studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in The Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Plato’s Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republic’s second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and other products for all the people of the republic. In Plato’s ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society.
In 335 BC Plato’ s student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.
In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocrates’s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrates’s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian.
In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality.
Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice.
In 387 BC Plato, who bad studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in The Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Plato’s Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republic’s second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and other products for all the people of the republic. In Plato’s ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society.
In 335 BC Plato’ s student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.
In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocrates’s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrates’s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian.
43.
Which of the following is true of the Sophists?
参考答案D
解析细节判断题。第一段第三句提到“They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core the of liberal arts”，由此可知，诡辩家教授的课程形成了文科课程的核心内容，因此D项“他们对后世产生了重大影响”与原文意思相符。第一段最后提到诡辩家主要培养学生的辩论能力，并未指明“他们的教学方式是劝导性的”，因此A项描述错误；本段只提到他们在雅典教书，并未指明他们的学校也在雅典，故B项错误；D项文中没有提及。
44.
Plato held that a perfect society should be one marked, among other things, by
参考答案C
解析推理判断题。由Plato可定位至文章第三段。本段主要介绍了柏拉图的主要思想，他认为理想的国家应该由富有智慧的哲学家国王统领，士兵是第二阶层，工人位于最底层。由此可知，柏拉图认为理想社会的特征是智慧和等级，故C项正确。
45.
Which of the following would have been one of Plato’ s dislikes?
参考答案A
解析推理判断题。文章第三段介绍柏拉图的《理想国》时，指明理想的国家分为三个阶层，柏拉图认同阶级，因此A项“挑战阶级分化”与文章意思相悖，故选A项。
46.
The followers of lsocrates might have shown little interest in
参考答案D
解析推理判断题。最后一段第二句提到“Isocrates’s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history”，由此可知，伊索克拉底的学生学习修辞法、政治、道德和历史，多为严肃学科，由此可推断，他的学生们对喜剧的兴趣不大，故D项正确。
47.
Who might share a similar teaching focus to the Sophists?
参考答案B
解析推理判断题。首段第三句提到“They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects...”，由此可知，诡辩家们专业教授语法、逻辑和修辞学，这与伊索克拉底教授的内容相似，故B项正确
Text 4
Overshadowed by rows over Nigeria and Lockerbie, the Commonwealth’s attempts to refocus on trade and investment--the main theme of the Edinburgh heads of government meeting—attracted little attention and even less praise.
Hopes were high that the summit’ s economic statement would be of similar weight to the Harare Declaration, issued in 1991 to map out a political agenda for the ex-colonial club after the end of its preoccupation with the struggle against separateness. But the publication of the statement did little to divert attention from rows over the trial of two Lockerbie bomb suspects and over the decision by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMag) not to impose new sanctions against Nigeria. CMag chose to ignore calls for Nigeria’ s expulsion and the imposition of an off embargo. They concluded that the situation would be reassessed if General Sani Abacha failed to honor his promise to hold fully democratic elections next October.
The Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was delighted with the six-page document, entitled Promoting Shared Prosperity. “It signals the end of ideology and reflects basic principles of economic and social justice,” Downing Street said. “It would have been unthinkable only a short time ago. “ But the declaration produced few surprises and many boring repetitions of statements based on affirmation of free market principles in the global economy.
It was never going to be easy to bridge gaps between the Commonwealth’ s 54 members, which include both wealthy countries, such as Britain, and some of the world’ s poorest, such as Bangladesh. So Edinburgh stayed on safe ground, establishing four key principles : 1) The world economy should be geared towards promoting universal growth and prosperity for all; 2) There must be effective participation by all countries in economic decision-making; 3) The removal of obstacles that prevent developing countries from playing a full part in shaping the global economy; 4) International regimes affecting economic relations among nations should provide benefits for all.
Caribbean members insisted on a reference to their troubles over banana exports threatened by a new World Trade Organization ruling, and won recognition of their “legitimate interests” and the need for help to diversify their economies.
Practical measures included a decision to establish a Commonwealth Trade and Investment Access Facility to help developing countries take advantage of globalization.
One additional source of revenue was opened up with the creation of a new fired for development in South Asian member countries.
The Worldwide Fund for Nature said the Commonwealth had not matched its rhetoric about the dangers of globalisation by failing to promise higher-quality investment, protection for the environment and labour rights.
Overshadowed by rows over Nigeria and Lockerbie, the Commonwealth’s attempts to refocus on trade and investment--the main theme of the Edinburgh heads of government meeting—attracted little attention and even less praise.
Hopes were high that the summit’ s economic statement would be of similar weight to the Harare Declaration, issued in 1991 to map out a political agenda for the ex-colonial club after the end of its preoccupation with the struggle against separateness. But the publication of the statement did little to divert attention from rows over the trial of two Lockerbie bomb suspects and over the decision by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMag) not to impose new sanctions against Nigeria. CMag chose to ignore calls for Nigeria’ s expulsion and the imposition of an off embargo. They concluded that the situation would be reassessed if General Sani Abacha failed to honor his promise to hold fully democratic elections next October.
The Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was delighted with the six-page document, entitled Promoting Shared Prosperity. “It signals the end of ideology and reflects basic principles of economic and social justice,” Downing Street said. “It would have been unthinkable only a short time ago. “ But the declaration produced few surprises and many boring repetitions of statements based on affirmation of free market principles in the global economy.
It was never going to be easy to bridge gaps between the Commonwealth’ s 54 members, which include both wealthy countries, such as Britain, and some of the world’ s poorest, such as Bangladesh. So Edinburgh stayed on safe ground, establishing four key principles : 1) The world economy should be geared towards promoting universal growth and prosperity for all; 2) There must be effective participation by all countries in economic decision-making; 3) The removal of obstacles that prevent developing countries from playing a full part in shaping the global economy; 4) International regimes affecting economic relations among nations should provide benefits for all.
Caribbean members insisted on a reference to their troubles over banana exports threatened by a new World Trade Organization ruling, and won recognition of their “legitimate interests” and the need for help to diversify their economies.
Practical measures included a decision to establish a Commonwealth Trade and Investment Access Facility to help developing countries take advantage of globalization.
One additional source of revenue was opened up with the creation of a new fired for development in South Asian member countries.
The Worldwide Fund for Nature said the Commonwealth had not matched its rhetoric about the dangers of globalisation by failing to promise higher-quality investment, protection for the environment and labour rights.
48.
The word “rows” (Line l, Paragraph l) most probably refers to
参考答案B
解析推理判断题。第二段第二句再次出现“rows”这个词，本段倒数第二句提到“CMag chose to ignore calls for Nigeria’s expulsion”，由此可知他们对驱逐尼日利亚存有争议，因此“rows”的意思为“争论，争吵”。故B项正确。
49.
It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that
参考答案A
解析推理判断题。由文章第一句可知，贸易与投资是爱丁堡政府首脑会晤的主题，但却得到极少关注，更不要说赞美，因此，爱丁堡峰会没有成功处理贸易与投资的问题，故A项正确。
50.
The six-page document Promoting Shared Prosperity
参考答案A
解析细节判断题。第三段最后一句提到，题为“促进共同繁荣”的文件是以全球经济中自由市场原则为基础的，故A项正确。
51.
The Edinburgh meeting established four key principles including
参考答案B
解析细节判断题。由题干中的关键词“four key principles”可定位至文章第四段。其中第二点提到“所有国家必须在经济决策中有效参与”，与B项“所有的发展中国家需要全面参与塑造全球经济”意思相符。故B项正确。
52.
The Worldwide Fund for Nature’ s comment on the Commonwealth ‘ s behavior is
参考答案D
解析观点态度题。由题干中的关键词“The Worldwide Fund for Nature”可定位至最后一段。本段提到世界自然基金会批评英联邦言行不一致，他们声称有危险，却没有兑现高质童的投资、环境保护和劳工权。由此可知世界自然基金会对英联邦持批评态度。
三、翻译题
仔细阅读以下文本，然后将划线部分翻译成中文。
Part B
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Three common ways of remembering are: repetition, association, and exaggeration.
Repetition is the key to long term memory.61) Physiologically, when brain cells are activated by the memory process, the nerve cell coating becomes thicker and thicker with each repetition, strengthening the electrical pathway in brain that constitutes memory.In addition, when associations between parts of a thing remembered are formed, the nerve cell body sends out axon runners to other associated memory cells.These runners from one cell connect to runners on other cells.62) As the pathway is used repetitiously, the surrounding cells become larger and more tightly wrapped around the electrically conductive pathways, thereby transforming the memory from a short-term memory to a long-term memory.
Memories of similar objects reside in nearby regions of the brain, while memories of exotic or exaggerated objects are farther away.63) By forming memories with creative and unusual associations, many more pathways are established, much like a spider weaving an ever bigger web, in which each part leads to the center by many interconnected pathways.
Memory links are also established when a variety of sensations and muscular activity are engaged.64) Indeed, some people seem to be more proficient at learning by either seeing, hearing or writing, but no one method can provide the more numerous pathways provided by all three in combination.
Memory is enhanced not only by repetition, but also by association and exaggeration of certain features of the object.Many memories are recalled as series of objects.For instance, a memory device m remember four common logical fallacies is a picture of the Earth, with the green continents and blue oceans, viewed from outer space with a flight of white geese circling around it.This image is used to recall the statement “geese circle every continent.“ The first letters of that statement stand for the logic fallacies of generalization, circularities, either/or, and cause and effect.
Size, also, seems to play a role in memorization.During the Middle Ages, memory contests were held annually.In one, the winner remembered one hundred thousand sequential items.A time-proven memory method from the Middle Ages is association of abstract ideas to large objects.65) The objects used for trigger recall seem to need to be about the size of a human, so that, if we were blind, we could identify the object by touch.Large objects in the memory seem to engage muscular memory areas as well as sight memory areas in the brain and expand the memory web.For instance, remembering the points of a speech about a military battle might involving walking from one room to another in a familiar house.
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Three common ways of remembering are: repetition, association, and exaggeration.
Repetition is the key to long term memory.61) Physiologically, when brain cells are activated by the memory process, the nerve cell coating becomes thicker and thicker with each repetition, strengthening the electrical pathway in brain that constitutes memory.In addition, when associations between parts of a thing remembered are formed, the nerve cell body sends out axon runners to other associated memory cells.These runners from one cell connect to runners on other cells.62) As the pathway is used repetitiously, the surrounding cells become larger and more tightly wrapped around the electrically conductive pathways, thereby transforming the memory from a short-term memory to a long-term memory.
Memories of similar objects reside in nearby regions of the brain, while memories of exotic or exaggerated objects are farther away.63) By forming memories with creative and unusual associations, many more pathways are established, much like a spider weaving an ever bigger web, in which each part leads to the center by many interconnected pathways.
Memory links are also established when a variety of sensations and muscular activity are engaged.64) Indeed, some people seem to be more proficient at learning by either seeing, hearing or writing, but no one method can provide the more numerous pathways provided by all three in combination.
Memory is enhanced not only by repetition, but also by association and exaggeration of certain features of the object.Many memories are recalled as series of objects.For instance, a memory device m remember four common logical fallacies is a picture of the Earth, with the green continents and blue oceans, viewed from outer space with a flight of white geese circling around it.This image is used to recall the statement “geese circle every continent.“ The first letters of that statement stand for the logic fallacies of generalization, circularities, either/or, and cause and effect.
Size, also, seems to play a role in memorization.During the Middle Ages, memory contests were held annually.In one, the winner remembered one hundred thousand sequential items.A time-proven memory method from the Middle Ages is association of abstract ideas to large objects.65) The objects used for trigger recall seem to need to be about the size of a human, so that, if we were blind, we could identify the object by touch.Large objects in the memory seem to engage muscular memory areas as well as sight memory areas in the brain and expand the memory web.For instance, remembering the points of a speech about a military battle might involving walking from one room to another in a familiar house.
53.
______.
参考答案从生理上来看，当大脑细胞被记忆过程激发，每一次重复都使神经细胞的表层变得越来越厚，其加强了大脑中构成记忆的电子通道。
解析
54.
______.
参考答案当通道被重复使用时，周围的细胞会变大，并且更紧密地围绕在电子通道周围，从而将短期记忆变成长期记忆。
解析
55.
______.
参考答案通过形成创造性的和不寻常联系的记忆，更多的通道被建立，与一只蜘蛛织造一张更大的网很相似，网络上的每个部分都通过互相连接的通道通向中心。
解析
56.
______.
参考答案确实，有些人似乎能够通过看、听、写当中的一种方法进行更有效的学习，但是没有一种方法能比三种方法结合使用提供更多的通道。
解析
57.
______.
参考答案激起回忆的物体需要和人体大小一致，因此，即使我们是盲人，也能够通过触摸来辨认物体。
四、写作题
阅读以下文本并写一篇文章
58.
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay on it.In your essay, you should
( 1 ) describe the picture briefly,
(2) analyze this situation, and
(3) give your comments.
You should write 160- 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay on it.In your essay, you should
( 1 ) describe the picture briefly,
(2) analyze this situation, and
(3) give your comments.
You should write 160- 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
参考答案详见解析
解析【参考范文】
Difficulties and Pressure From the picture we can see a man running with springs under his shoes.With the pressure caused by stepping on the spring, the man is able to speed up more easily with the counter-acting force.
The spring represents the various pressures most of us have to face in our lives.While enormous stress is likely to adversely affect our health, a certain degree of pressure would motivate us to work harder and activate our potential.Under pressure, we can bring out our potential to the best in order to meet the challenge.
To make the best of pressure, we should think positively in the first place.As pressure is inevitable to a large extent, it is pointless to be at a loss towards extreme pressure.On the contrary, it would be of great help to maintain a healthy lifestyle to moniter pressure.When pressure does arise, all we have to do is brace up against it.
In conclusion, we need pressure and challenge to be motivated.When burdened with pressure, our potential is explored and we would be able to work more efficiently and more effectively.Only by thinking positively, regarding pressure as an impetus and leading a healthy lifestyle can we handle pressure successfully.
【范文点评】
在写作过程中，要紧扣题目要求。首先，应该描述图片所描述的现象。其次，要指明图片所蕴含的深层含义。第三，针对图片中的问题提出自己的看法。最后再进行总结。
【闪光词汇】
1.be likely to...可能……
2.a certain degree of...一定量的……
3.bring out 发挥，激发
4.at a loss束手无策
5.brace up against...鼓起勇气面对……
6.lead a healthy lifestyle 建立健康的生活方式
Difficulties and Pressure From the picture we can see a man running with springs under his shoes.With the pressure caused by stepping on the spring, the man is able to speed up more easily with the counter-acting force.
The spring represents the various pressures most of us have to face in our lives.While enormous stress is likely to adversely affect our health, a certain degree of pressure would motivate us to work harder and activate our potential.Under pressure, we can bring out our potential to the best in order to meet the challenge.
To make the best of pressure, we should think positively in the first place.As pressure is inevitable to a large extent, it is pointless to be at a loss towards extreme pressure.On the contrary, it would be of great help to maintain a healthy lifestyle to moniter pressure.When pressure does arise, all we have to do is brace up against it.
In conclusion, we need pressure and challenge to be motivated.When burdened with pressure, our potential is explored and we would be able to work more efficiently and more effectively.Only by thinking positively, regarding pressure as an impetus and leading a healthy lifestyle can we handle pressure successfully.
【范文点评】
在写作过程中，要紧扣题目要求。首先，应该描述图片所描述的现象。其次，要指明图片所蕴含的深层含义。第三，针对图片中的问题提出自己的看法。最后再进行总结。
【闪光词汇】
1.be likely to...可能……
2.a certain degree of...一定量的……
3.bring out 发挥，激发
4.at a loss束手无策
5.brace up against...鼓起勇气面对……
6.lead a healthy lifestyle 建立健康的生活方式