职称英语《卫生类B》考前点题卷三
卫生类B
考前点题
共 65 题
1396 次浏览
更新于 2026-09-28
一、单选题
下列每小题的选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
1
A dentist may decide to extract the tooth to prevent recurrent trouble?
- A.take out
- B.repair
- C.pull
- D.dig
2
Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
- A.step up
- B.decrease
- C.stop
- D.control
3
Here you can see the food compactly stored in a pressurized tank.
- A.densely
- B.inexpensively
- C.quickly
- D.carefully
4
There seemed to be no motive for the murder.
- A.reasons
- B.arguments
- C.targets
- D.stimuli
5
Hundreds of years ago cloves were used to remedy headaches.
- A.disrupt
- B.diagnose
- C.evaporate
- D.cure
6
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.
- A.amass
- B.spread
- C.increase
- D.grow
7
Numerous parallels exist between Ernest Hemingway's life and the lives of his characters.
- A.studies
- B.problems
- C.similarities
- D.biases
8
She shows little regard for the feelings of others and does exactly what she wants to.
- A.feeling
- B.love
- C.consideration
- D.sense
9
He purchased a ticket and went up on the top deck.
- A.bought
- B.took
- C.showed
- D.made
10
She's been deliberately ignoring him all day.
- A.sufficiently
- B.noticeably
- C.intentionally
- D.absolutely
11
Growing levels of pollution represent a serious health hazard to the local population.
- A.protection
- B.indication
- C.immunity
- D.danger
12
Now a special TV network gives live coverage of most matches of Olympic Games.
- A.baggage
- B.orphanage
- C.reportage
- D.usage
13
Maine is justly famous for its beautiful lakes and ponds.
- A.only
- B.rightfully
- C.legally
- D.simply
14
A seed planted in the sensitive lining of an oyster begins a perpetual coating process that torms a peari.
- A.total
- B.annual
- C.continual
- D.habitual
15
The history of the exploration of Antarctica recounts many tales of perseverance and suffering.
- A.endurance
- B.skill
- C.generosity
- D.disturbance
二、共享题干题
下列每小题的选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
Stomach Ulcer
Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heartburn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.
Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heartburn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.
16
In the past,doctors couldn't do anything about stomach ulcers.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
17
Now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
18
Some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
19
Doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers after many years of experiments.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
20
There has been a change in doctors'understanding of the cause of stomach ulcers.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
21
Stomach ulcers can lead to stomach cancer.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
22
People who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers.
- A.Right
- B.Wrong
- C.Not mentioned
Rainmaking
1 The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man,but it was not until 1946 that man succeeded in making rain.In ancient times,rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods:dancing.singing-Kiiiing animals t including humans).
2 For a long time,men have understood where rain comes from.Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air,where it forms clouds from which rain falls.But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently.A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter.The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them.Without such centers,it seems raindrops do not form.
3 During World War Ⅱ,Dr.Irving Langmir,and his assistant Schaefer,were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes.They went to a mountain in New Hampshire,where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow.They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point,and yet ice did not form in the clouds.
4 After the War,Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold,moist air similar to the air found in clouds.To imitate the moist air of a cloud,Schaefer would breathe into the machine.Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder,sugar,or some other substance.For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine.Nothing happened.No crystals of ice were formed.None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops.
5 One July morning,Schaefer was dropping in bits of various substances and watching the unsuccessful results.Finally,a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him.As usual,he left the cover of the freezer up,since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box.
6 Returning from lunch,Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid.There were two choices now.He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature,or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice-a gas in solid form that is very,very cold.He chose the latter plan.As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer,he happened to breathe out a large amount of air.And there,before his eyes,it happened!He had made ice crystals,not by adding centers to the moisture,but by cooling the breath so much that the liquid had to form crystals!Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm falling slowly to the floor of his laboratory.
7 After planning carefully,Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him.As was expected,snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud.Schaefer succeeded.He made history.
1 The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man,but it was not until 1946 that man succeeded in making rain.In ancient times,rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods:dancing.singing-Kiiiing animals t including humans).
2 For a long time,men have understood where rain comes from.Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air,where it forms clouds from which rain falls.But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently.A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter.The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them.Without such centers,it seems raindrops do not form.
3 During World War Ⅱ,Dr.Irving Langmir,and his assistant Schaefer,were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes.They went to a mountain in New Hampshire,where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow.They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point,and yet ice did not form in the clouds.
4 After the War,Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold,moist air similar to the air found in clouds.To imitate the moist air of a cloud,Schaefer would breathe into the machine.Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder,sugar,or some other substance.For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine.Nothing happened.No crystals of ice were formed.None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops.
5 One July morning,Schaefer was dropping in bits of various substances and watching the unsuccessful results.Finally,a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him.As usual,he left the cover of the freezer up,since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box.
6 Returning from lunch,Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid.There were two choices now.He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature,or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice-a gas in solid form that is very,very cold.He chose the latter plan.As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer,he happened to breathe out a large amount of air.And there,before his eyes,it happened!He had made ice crystals,not by adding centers to the moisture,but by cooling the breath so much that the liquid had to form crystals!Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm falling slowly to the floor of his laboratory.
7 After planning carefully,Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him.As was expected,snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud.Schaefer succeeded.He made history.
23
Paragraph 2______
- A.Langmir and Schaefer's Work for the GE Company
- B.Langmir and Schaefer's Discovery of Rain-forming
- C.Men's Knowledge of Rain-forming
- D.Schaefer's Several Unsuccessful Experiments
- E.Schaefer's Discovery by Accident
- F.Langmir and Schaefer's Successful Cooneration
24
Paragraph 3______
- A.Langmir and Schaefer's Work for the GE Company
- B.Langmir and Schaefer's Discovery of Rain-forming
- C.Men's Knowledge of Rain-forming
- D.Schaefer's Several Unsuccessful Experiments
- E.Schaefer's Discovery by Accident
- F.Langmir and Schaefer's Successful Cooneration
25
Paragraph 4______
- A.Langmir and Schaefer's Work for the GE Company
- B.Langmir and Schaefer's Discovery of Rain-forming
- C.Men's Knowledge of Rain-forming
- D.Schaefer's Several Unsuccessful Experiments
- E.Schaefer's Discovery by Accident
- F.Langmir and Schaefer's Successful Cooneration
26
Paragraph 6______
- A.Langmir and Schaefer's Work for the GE Company
- B.Langmir and Schaefer's Discovery of Rain-forming
- C.Men's Knowledge of Rain-forming
- D.Schaefer's Several Unsuccessful Experiments
- E.Schaefer's Discovery by Accident
- F.Langmir and Schaefer's Successful Cooneration
27
In ancient times,rainmakers tried to make rain for dry lands,but______.
- A.imaginatively
- B.recently
- C.carefully
- D.unscientifically
- E.accidentally
- F.satisfactorily
28
Schaefer found a way of how to make ice crystals______.
- A.imaginatively
- B.recently
- C.carefully
- D.unscientifically
- E.accidentally
- F.satisfactorily
29
Schaefer successfully made a field experiment on rainmaking after planning______.
- A.imaginatively
- B.recently
- C.carefully
- D.unscientifically
- E.accidentally
- F.satisfactorily
30
Man did not succeed in making rain until quite______.
- A.imaginatively
- B.recently
- C.carefully
- D.unscientifically
- E.accidentally
- F.satisfactorily
Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics
Most old people with so-called type Ⅱ diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week,according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.
Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilise insulin by 30 percent,the newspaper reported.
This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today,it said.
Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II,all more than 60 years of age,exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months.After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects'muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.
Associate Professor Dr.Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non-exercising persons.
"This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups.Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms.At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment,"Dela was quoted as saying.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas,controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.
Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up a sweat,but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise。
Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise,Dela added.
Most old people with so-called type Ⅱ diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week,according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.
Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilise insulin by 30 percent,the newspaper reported.
This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today,it said.
Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II,all more than 60 years of age,exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months.After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects'muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.
Associate Professor Dr.Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non-exercising persons.
"This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups.Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms.At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment,"Dela was quoted as saying.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas,controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.
Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up a sweat,but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise。
Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise,Dela added.
31
How could most elderly type Ⅱ diabetics stop taking insulin?
- A.By taking more salt than usual.
- B.By taking less salt than usual.
- C.By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.
- D.By going climbing,swimming or boxing every day.
32
Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by______.
- A.70 percent
- B.30 percent
- C.60 percent
- D.only a few percent
33
The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included______.
- A.elderly non-diabetic men
- B.elderly type Ⅱ diabetic men
- C.both sexes of all ages
- D.both A and B
34
To what a degree have diabetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?
- A.To the degree where they begin to sweat.
- B.To the degree where they feel exhausted.
- C.To the point when they feel thirsty.
- D.To the point when they have to take insulin.
35
According to Dela,among most diabetics the importance of exercise is______the importance of watching their diet.
- A.as poorly understood as
- B.as well understood as
- C.less understood than
- D.better understood than
Need for Emphasis on Treatment
AIDS programs in developing countries put too little emphasis on treatment,the World Health Organization said Tuesday,asking for more small community-based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people?
An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS,two-thirds of them in Africa,but only 440,000 people in developing countries were receiving treatment by the end of 2003,the UN health agency said in its annual report.
"Without treatment,all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death,"the WHO said in the? 169-page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease pre-vention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
"Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease,"Lee said."By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow.This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss,"he added.
Antiretroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer.The annual cost of treatment,which was about$10,000 when the drugs were first developed,has dropped to about$150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts,the report said,citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected,and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection,the report said.
Since its discovery in the l980s,more than 20 million have died of AIDS,mostly in poor countries?
AIDS programs in developing countries put too little emphasis on treatment,the World Health Organization said Tuesday,asking for more small community-based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people?
An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS,two-thirds of them in Africa,but only 440,000 people in developing countries were receiving treatment by the end of 2003,the UN health agency said in its annual report.
"Without treatment,all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death,"the WHO said in the? 169-page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease pre-vention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
"Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease,"Lee said."By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow.This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss,"he added.
Antiretroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer.The annual cost of treatment,which was about$10,000 when the drugs were first developed,has dropped to about$150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts,the report said,citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected,and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection,the report said.
Since its discovery in the l980s,more than 20 million have died of AIDS,mostly in poor countries?
36
Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries?
- A.They put too little emphasis on treatment.
- B.They are not receiving any treatment.
- C.They refuse to be treated.
- D.They live longer than those in developed countries.
37
The WHO publishes its World Health Report______.
- A.once every two years
- B.once a decade
- C.once a year
- D.twice a year
38
According to Lee,our response to the AIDS disease is
- A.a matter of great significance
- B.a matter of little significance
- C.overemphasized
- D.timely
39
AIDS treatment programs may also result in______.
- A.better drugs
- B.lower yearly cost
- C.more effective prevention
- D.greater emphasis on treatment
40
How many people have died of AIDS so far?
- A.36 million.
- B.46 million.
- C.Around 440,000.
- D.More than 20 million.
Prolonging Human Life
Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population.Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago.Because more people live longer,there are more people around at any given time.In fact,it is a decrease in death rates,not an increase in birthrates,that has led to the population explosion.
Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load.In all societies,people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them.In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die.In times of famine,infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved,whereas if the parents survived they could have another child.In most contemporary societies,people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not.We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work;we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age.Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement,somebody else must support them.In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty.Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people;unless they have wealth or private or government insurance,they must often"go on welfare"if they have a serious illness.
When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves,they create grave problems for their families.In the past and in some traditional cultures,they would be cared for at home until they died.Today,with most members of a household working or in school,there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person.To meet this need,a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built.These are often profit-making organizations,although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups.While a few of these institutions are good,most of them are simply"dumping grounds"for the dying in which"care"is given by poorly paid,overworked,and underskilled personnel.
Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population.Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago.Because more people live longer,there are more people around at any given time.In fact,it is a decrease in death rates,not an increase in birthrates,that has led to the population explosion.
Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load.In all societies,people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them.In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die.In times of famine,infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved,whereas if the parents survived they could have another child.In most contemporary societies,people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not.We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work;we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age.Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement,somebody else must support them.In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty.Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people;unless they have wealth or private or government insurance,they must often"go on welfare"if they have a serious illness.
When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves,they create grave problems for their families.In the past and in some traditional cultures,they would be cared for at home until they died.Today,with most members of a household working or in school,there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person.To meet this need,a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built.These are often profit-making organizations,although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups.While a few of these institutions are good,most of them are simply"dumping grounds"for the dying in which"care"is given by poorly paid,overworked,and underskilled personnel.
41
The writer believes that the population explosion results from______.
- A.an increase in birthrates
- B.the industrial development
- C.a decrease in death rates
- D.cultural advances
42
It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures______.
- A.it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive
- B.infants could be left dead in times of starvation
- C.parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children
- D.death was considered to be freedom from hardships
43
According to the passage,which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?
- A.Many of them have a very hard life.
- B.They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.
- C.They rely mainly on their children for financial support.
- D.Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.
44
In Paragraph 3,the phrase"this need"refers to______.
- A.the need to prolong the lives of old people
- B.the need to enrich the life of the retired people
- C.the need to build profit-making nursing homes
- D.the need to take care of a sick and weak person
45
Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes,and convalescent hospitals?
- A.Sympathetic.
- B.Unfriendly.
- C.Optimistic.
- D.Critical.
Single-parent Kids Do Best
Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents-at least in the bird world.Mother zebra finches have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own,but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.
The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply.______(46)
In evolutionary terms,the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring,so they can concentrate on breeding again.So it's normal for parents to try to pass the buck to each other.But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team, wondered how families solve this conflict,and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.______(47)They compared single females with pairs,by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected,and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks,and each single mum had two-supposedly the same amount of work.
But single mums,they found,put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate.______(48)"The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict,"says Hartley?
The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight,but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex.When the chicks were mature,the researchers tested the"fitness"of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner.______(49)
Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care given to offspring,says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University,who works on conflict of parents in bi记S."But the experimental evidence is not great.The breakthrough here is showing it empirically".
More surprising,says Kilner,is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour,clutch size and even appearance."People have not really made that link,"says Har-tley.A female's reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply.______(50)
Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents-at least in the bird world.Mother zebra finches have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own,but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.
The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply.______(46)
In evolutionary terms,the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring,so they can concentrate on breeding again.So it's normal for parents to try to pass the buck to each other.But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team, wondered how families solve this conflict,and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.______(47)They compared single females with pairs,by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected,and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks,and each single mum had two-supposedly the same amount of work.
But single mums,they found,put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate.______(48)"The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict,"says Hartley?
The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight,but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex.When the chicks were mature,the researchers tested the"fitness"of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner.______(49)
Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care given to offspring,says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University,who works on conflict of parents in bi记S."But the experimental evidence is not great.The breakthrough here is showing it empirically".
More surprising,says Kilner,is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour,clutch size and even appearance."People have not really made that link,"says Har-tley.A female's reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply.______(50)
46
______(46)
- A.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.
- B.To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
- C.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
- D.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
- E.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
- F.It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.
47
______(47)
- A.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.
- B.To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
- C.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
- D.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
- E.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
- F.It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.
48
______(48)
- A.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.
- B.To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
- C.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
- D.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
- E.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
- F.It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.
49
______(49)
- A.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.
- B.To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
- C.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
- D.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
- E.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
- F.It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.
50
______(50)
- A.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.
- B.To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.
- C.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
- D.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
- E.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
- F.It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.
Migrant Workers
In the past twenty years,there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another.______(51)some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people,others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers.This is particularly the case in the Middle East,______(52)increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to______(53)outsiders to improve local facilities.______(54)the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe.It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries,______(55)South Korea and Japan.
In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,it is not______(56)that the pay is high to attract suitable workers.Many engineers and technicians can earn at least______(57) money in the Middle East as they can in their own country,and this is a major attraction.An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.
Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage.______(58),the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other______(59)safety and comfort.______(60),many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly______(61)the lack of entertainment facilities.The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions______(62)problems rather than do routine、work in their home country.
One major problem which______(63)migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jots are tem-porary ones.They are nearly always on contract,so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great conn-dence.This is to be expected、 since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents?______(64),migrant workers accept this disadvantage,along with others,because of the ______(65)financial benefits which they receive.
In the past twenty years,there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another.______(51)some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people,others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers.This is particularly the case in the Middle East,______(52)increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to______(53)outsiders to improve local facilities.______(54)the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe.It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries,______(55)South Korea and Japan.
In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,it is not______(56)that the pay is high to attract suitable workers.Many engineers and technicians can earn at least______(57) money in the Middle East as they can in their own country,and this is a major attraction.An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.
Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage.______(58),the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other______(59)safety and comfort.______(60),many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly______(61)the lack of entertainment facilities.The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions______(62)problems rather than do routine、work in their home country.
One major problem which______(63)migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jots are tem-porary ones.They are nearly always on contract,so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great conn-dence.This is to be expected、 since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents?______(64),migrant workers accept this disadvantage,along with others,because of the ______(65)financial benefits which they receive.
51
_________51
- A.As
- B.Since
- C.While
- D.Although
52
_________
- A.which
- B.where
- C.when
- D.there
53
_________
- A.call in
- B.call off
- C.call up
- D.call on
54
_________
- A.But
- B.Moreover
- C.Besides
- D.Thus
55
_________
- A.include
- B.includes
- C.including
- D.included
56
_________
- A.surprised
- B.surprisingly
- C.surprise
- D.surprising
57
_________
- A.twice as much
- B.twice as many
- C.as much as twice
- D.as many as twice
58
_________
- A.Similarly
- B.As a result
- C.For example
- D.Anyway
59
_________
- A.with
- B.for
- C.about
- D.in
60
_________
- A.On the contrary
- B.In a similar way
- C.On the other hand
- D.Consequently
61
_________
- A.because of
- B.on
- C.because
- D.with
62
_________
- A.in
- B.about
- C.for
- D.to
63
_________
- A.effects
- B.affects
- C.detects
- D.reflects
64
_________
- A.In case
- B.In all cases
- C.In a case
- D.In any case
65
_________
- A.considerable
- B.considerate
- C.considered
- D.consiciering
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