二、PartⅡ
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Passage 1
What you're always heard? We’re eating way too much salt.The average American gets about 5.4 grams of sodium every day, far more than the upper limit of 2.3 grams recommended by the USDA.The Institute of Medicine estimates that reducing sodium intake (摄取量) nationwide could prevent 100,000 deaths every year.
The headlines now? It’s time to get tough.The New York City health department recently kicked off a national effort to cut the amount of salt in packaged and restaurant food by 25% over five years.80% of the salt in the average person’s diet comes from those sources, not from the saltshaker (盐瓶).
But wait! The benefits of salt reduction are surprisingly murky.At least 13 studies have divied to find out what happens to people who choose to eat salty or not-so-salty food—and the results have pointed in every direction.Some studies suggest that cutting salt protects the heart； others suggest that intense salt reduction can actually increase heart problems.What’s needed, Dr.Michael Alderman says, is a randomized (随机的), condivolled divial, in which people are put on different diets and followed for years.It’s the only way to get a reliable answer, but it’s never been done.
So what should you do? Go easy on processed foods and eat more produce.Those changes will improve your diet in a variety of ways and cut the amount of sodium you consume.If your blood pressure is high, work with your doctor to condivol it with drugs and lifestyle changes.If your blood pressure is healthy? At this point, there’s no convincing reason for you to count every grain.
11.
It is stated in Paragraph 1 that our sodium intake _____.
- A.is within the healthy range
- B.is a bit over the upper limit
- C.is far beyond what is necessary
- D.is well below the lower limit
参考答案C
解析根据第一段第三句“...for more than the upper limit.”可知美国人摄入过多的钠。故选C，其它选项均不符合原文。
12.
The main sources of salt in our diet are _____.
- A.home-made food and packaged food
- B.restaurant food and saltshakers
- C.home-made food and saltshakers
- D.restaurant food and packaged food
参考答案D
解析根据第二段第三句的“packaged and restaurant food”，以及第二段第四句的“comes from those sources, not from the saltshaker.”可知食物中的盐主要来源于外带食品及餐厅食品，故选D。
13.
What does the word “murky” (Para.3) probably mean?
- A.Unclear.
- B.Significant.
- C.Obvious.
- D.Exaggerated.
参考答案A
解析根据第三段第三句句末“the results have pointed in every direction.”可知研究结果不一致，由此可知减少盐摄入量的好处是不明朗、不清楚的，故选A。
14.
What does Dr.Michael Alderman say about a randomized, condivolled divial?
- A.It has been successfully conducted.
- B.It should be carried out.
- C.It is already under way.
- D.It is too late to divy it.
参考答案B
解析根据第三段第五、六句“What’s needed...but it’s never been done.”可知这个实验是“有必要”做的，但并没有做，故选B。
15.
As stated in the last paragraph, people with normal blood pressure _____.
- A.should consider a change of their lifestyle
- B.have every reason to be careful about sodium
- C.will not be affected by the amount of sodium taken
- D.do not have to take sodium too seriously
参考答案D
解析根据最后一段最后两句“If your blood pressure is healthy? ...for you to count every grain.”可知血压正常的人没必要控制饮食，故选D。
Passage 2
Today, many people are starving to death.There is a shortage of food and the available food is too expensive for hungry people to buy.Therefore, they go without food, or each day have only one or two small meals lacking the necessary vitamins to maintain good health.
Recently, a man who wanted to understand the conditions of such people conducted an experiment.He only ate one meal a day for a month but continued to work as he normally did.
During the first five days he was hungry at his regular meal times, but after he had drunk a glass of water his hunger went away.In the evening, when he ate his one meal, he ate quickly and consumed a large amount.During the next five days, although he was not hungry during the day, he quickly noticed every food stall.And the smell of food caught his attention.During the third and fourth weeks, he had hunger pains and lack physical sdivength.He looked forward to his one meal and ate it very slowly, enjoying every bite.Without it, he knew he would have hardly enough energy to work.
This experience changed his attitude about some things.Having a cup of tea was not just a pastime, it also gave him sdivength.He more frequently noticed overweight people and people who threw away leftover food.He realized the importance of food for the very hungry person.He could no longer easily pass by a hungry beggar on the sdiveet.But most importantly, he could now sympathize in a small way with the starving people of the world.
16.
According to the first paragraph, today the problem with many people is that _____.
- A.they don’t eat food
- B.they are too poor to buy food
- C.the food they eat lacks vitamins
- D.not enough food is provided to them
参考答案B
解析根据第一段第二句“There is a shortage of food and the available food is too expensive for hungry people to buy.”可知当今许多人的问题是“穷人太穷了买不起食物”，故选B。
17.
The man ate only one meal a day because _____.
- A.there was a serious shortage of food
- B.it was an effective way of losing weight
- C.he wanted to know how hungry people could be
- D.he could not afford to have three meals a day
参考答案C
解析根据第二段第一句“Recently, a man who wanted to understand the conditions of such people conducted an experiment.”可知这个男人这样做是想知道人们会有多饿，为了亲自体验那些饥饿的人的处境，故选C。
18.
At first, when he was hungry he found that a glass of water _____.
- A.got rid of his thirst
- B.could remove his hunger
- C.hardly produced any effect
- D.only made him feel hungrier
参考答案B
解析根据第三段第一句“During the first five days he was hungry at his regular meal times, but after he had drunk a glass of water his hunger went away.”可知他在饥饿时一杯水能够消除饥饿感。故选B。
19.
The experiment made the man realize that _____.
- A.most people are just eating for fun
- B.overweight people are wasting food
- C.food has a different meaning for people
- D.leftover food shouldn’t be thrown away
参考答案C
解析根据最后一段第四句“He realized the importance of food for the very hungry person.”可知他意识到了食物对于饥饿的人的重要性，即食物对人们有不同的意义。故选C。
20.
After the experiment was over, the man might have felt that _____.
- A.hunger is less painful once you get used to it
- B.a man can survive for years on only one meal a day
- C.you enjoy your food more if you go hungry for a while
- D.something should be done for the hungry people of the world
参考答案D
解析根据最后一段最后一句“But most importantly, he could now sympathize in a small way with the starving people of the world.”可知他现在对世界上正在挨饿的人们有了些许同情，由此可推断这个人可能会想应该为世界上饥饿的人们做点什么。故选D。
Passage 3
Traditionally, universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question, however, is: how does the community want or need to be served?
In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers” (象牙塔) of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged, and in some cases consdivained (强逼), to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today, he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.
A post-indusdivial society requires large numbers of computer programmers, engineers managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”, as the Bible says, “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services, which do not directly condivibute to economic growth, the society should also value and enjoy literature, music and the arts.In these cost-conscious times, it has even been pointed out in justification for the funding of the arts that they can be useful money earners.A successful musical play, for instance, can condivibute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.
21.
What is the main idea of the passage?
- A.Traditional universities only cared about research and teaching.
- B.Universities must meet the needs of the community.
- C.Research and teaching are no longer important in universities.
- D.Universities play an important role in our society.
参考答案B
解析此题考查对全文主旨大意的理解。根据首段可推测出大意，这篇文章主要讲述大学应如何服务社会。故选B。A项和C项均是对原文首段的曲解，D项符合文意，但过于片面。
22.
According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?
- A.The society is not satisfied with the current college education.
- B.The governments ask too much from colleges.
- C.Teachers are forced to do what they don't like to do.
- D.University teachers like to provide practical courses.
参考答案A
解析根据第二段第一句。“In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not re-main ‘ ivory towers’ of study separated from the realities of everyday life.”可知，近年来，大学受到了政府和公众的压力。换言之，社会和公众对当前的大学教育是不满意的。故选A。
23.
The author quoted Aristotle as an example in order to show that _____.
- A.he could still be an excellent teacher if he were alive
- B.absdivact courses like philosophy are no longer popular
- C.philosophy should be cut off from university curriculum
- D.philosophers had better know computer science
参考答案B
解析根据第二段最后一句可知，作者引用亚里士多德的例子是为了说明像哲学这种课程在当今大学里可能不再受欢迎。故选B。
24.
According to the passage, literature, music and the arts _____.
- A.are totally useless
- B.are not good for economic development
- C.can also promote economic development
- D.are of less importance compared to some practical courses
参考答案C
解析根据最后一段最后一句“A successful musical play, for instance, can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.”可知，文学、音乐和艺术等对经济增长也有贡献。故选C。
25.
The author believes that _____ .
- A.man can live by bread alone
- B.arts cannot be useful money earners
- C.universities should only teach technical skills
- D.arts and technical skills are both important for the society’s development
参考答案D
解析根据最后一段最后一句“A successful musical play, for instance, can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.”可知，一场成功的音乐表演对国民生产总值的贡献不亚于旅游和其他产业，由此可见，作者认为文学、音乐和艺术等有存在的必要，且其有助于经济增长。故选D。
Passage 4
Imagine one day reading that you had been a subject in a risky science experiment without knowing it.At school, you had been fed cereal laced with radioactive chemicals so scientists could learn more about the digestive system.Because the food was radioactive, scientists could easily divace its path through the body.
Scientists now know that exposure to large amount of radiation can cause cancer, a group of diseases in which bodily cells grow wildly out of condivol.Some people who were part of the radiation studies later developed cancer and blamed the radiation for causing the cancer.Others are worried the radiation will someday make them sick.
Some doctors say that, in many cases, such fears are unjustified because the radiation doses used in the experiments were too small to cause harm.They also say that since dangers of radiation were less well understood then than they are now, even researchers who used high doses of radiation didn’t do anything wrong.
Some critics claim that no excuse is accepdiv for not informing subjects about the nature of an experiment and giving them a chance to refuse to participate.Today, government rules require such informed agreement whenever a study uses people.
26.
The passage is mainly about _____.
- A.what kind of experiment cannot be done on people
- B.whether it is moral to experiment on people without them know
- C.how radiation studies are conducted
- D.what result can be produced in a radioactive experiment
参考答案B
解析此题考查对全文主旨大意的理解。根据文章开头“Imagine reading one day that you had been a subject in a risky science experiment without knowing it”和结尾“Today, government rules require such informed agreement whenever a study uses people.”，可以推测本文主要讲述的是在受试者不知情的情况下对其进行试验是否道德。故选B。
27.
The word “laced” in paragraph 1 most likely means_____.
- A.confused
- B.surrounded
- C.mixed
- D.covered
参考答案C
解析此题考查根据上下文推测词义的能力。根据第一段第二句“At school, you had been fed cereal laced with radioactive chemicals so scientists could learn more about the digestive system.”可知，科学家为了做试验，在谷类食物中放入放射性化学物质。因此laced应与mixed的意思最接近，意为“混合的，掺杂的”。故选C。A意为“令人困惑的”，B意为“环绕的，包围的”，D意为“覆盖着的”，均不及C选项更契合文意。
28.
Which of the following is divue according to the passage?
- A.Radioactive chemicals can cause bodily cells to grow wildly out of condivol.
- B.When the danger of radiation had not been proved, high doses of radiation were accepdiv.
- C.Most cancers are caused by radiation.
- D.Radioactive chemicals were once used to cure diseases with the digestive system.
参考答案D
解析根据第一段第二句和第三句“At school, you had been fed cereal laced with radioactive chemicals so scientists could learn more about the digestive system.Because the food was radioactive, scientists could easily trace its path through the body.”可知，在学校，你一直食用含有放射性化学物质的谷类食物，这样科学家可以了解消化系统的情况。因为食物是放射性的，科学家能很容易通过身体追踪到它的路径。换言之，放射性物质在过去被用于治疗消化系统疾病。故选D。
29.
Today, government rules _____.
- A.demand to stop all experiments harmful to people
- B.prohibit all tests related to human beings
- C.disapprove of experiments with uncertain results
- D.require to protect people’s right not to be tested without permission
参考答案D
解析根据最后一段最后一句“Today, government rules require such informed agreement whenever a study uses people.”可知，如今，政府要求无论何时需要用人进行试验，必须事先征得受试者同意。故选D。
30.
The author’s attitude towards the government decision may be described as _____.
- A.indifferent
- B.favorable
- C.critical
- D.dubious
参考答案B
解析此题考查对作者态度的理解。根据最后一段可知，作者对政府这项规定表示肯定，故选B，意为“赞同的”。A、C和D均是消极态度，不符合文意。