2020年全国英语竞赛《D类专科生》决赛试题（网友回忆版）

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

26

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

27

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

28

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

29

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

30

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Most people associate tears with people who are crying because they are upset, angry or extremely happy, but there are actually three different kinds of tears.
　　Firstly there are basal tears. These are tears regularly produced by the tear glands which are above your eyes, under the eyelids, and protect the eyes by keeping them clean and wet. Basal tears are spread evenly over the eye by blinking. They are made up of a mixture of water, oil and mucus (粘液).
　　But there are other tears which have no connection with emotions either. These tears also protect the eyes. So how are they different? The second kind of tears are called reflex tears and their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye—when an eyelash or an insect gets stuck in your eye, for example. Reflex tears can also be caused by the smell of onions or smoke, which contain chemicals and tiny particles. In addition, cold air or wind, which dries out the eyes, causes the tear glands to produce reflex tears. In English we often say our eyes are “watering” when this happens.
　　And then there are “real” tears—emotional tears. They are produced by emotional stress or pain and have been found to contain more hormones than other types of tears. Most mammals produce basal or reflex tears, but we humans produce emotional tears.
　　Emotional tears and reflex tears also come from the tear glands. Some of the tears drain away though the tear ducts in the corner of your eyes. But when too many tears are produced, they roll down your face. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.
　　What is the function of emotional tears? Studies indicate that our bodies use them as a way of re-establishing balance of the nervous system. They are a way for us to calm down after a period of stress. Research across cultures also indicates that tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. Tears express vulnerability and most people react with sympathy to tears.
Questions 56－60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

参考答案 more watery

解析：根据文章中的“Both reflex tears and emotional tears are more watery than basal tears.”可知，反射性泪水和情感性泪水比基础性泪水更加湿润，故此处填more watery。
【全文翻译】
　　大多数人会把眼泪与那些因为沮丧、愤怒或极度高兴而哭泣的人联系在一起，但实际上，人有三种不同的眼泪。
　　首先是基础性泪水。这些泪水通常是由位于眼睛上方、眼皮下的泪腺产生的，它们能使眼睛保持清洁和湿润，从而保护眼睛。通过眨眼，基础性泪水可以均匀地散布在眼球上。它们是由水、油和粘液的混合物组成的。
　　但也有其他与情绪无关的眼泪。那些眼泪也能保护眼睛。那么它们有什么不同呢？第二种泪水被称为反射性泪水，它们的工作是洗掉接触眼睛的异物——比如睫毛或困在你的眼睛里的小虫子。反射性眼泪也可能是由洋葱的气味或烟味引起的，这些气味中含有化学物质和微粒。此外，冷空气或风会使眼睛干燥，导致泪腺产生反射性泪水。当这种情况发生时，在英语中，我们常说，我们的眼睛在“流泪”。
　　然后是“真正的”眼泪——情绪性的眼泪。它们是由情绪压力或痛苦产生的。研究已发现，它们比其他类型的眼泪含有更多的荷尔蒙。大多数哺乳动物会产生基础性或反射性泪水，但我们人类能产生情绪性泪水。
　　情绪性泪水和反射性泪水也来自泪腺。有些泪水会通过你眼角的泪道流走。但是当眼泪流得太多时，它们就会顺着你的脸颊滚落。泪道也与鼻子相连，这就是有时眼泪会流进鼻子的原因。无论是反射性泪水还是情绪性泪水，都比基础泪水更湿润。
　　情绪性的眼泪有什么作用？研究表明，我们的身体将它们作为重建神经系统平衡的一种方式。在我们经历了一段时间的压力后，流泪能让我们冷静下来。跨文化的研究还表明，眼泪有助于人们与他们关心的人建立联系。眼泪是脆弱的体现，大多数人会对流眼泪的人表示同情。

Section B (10 marks)
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　In 1791, George Washington picked the site of the nation’s capital—Washington, D.C. He also chose the spot where the President’s house would be built. The “Father of the Country” never saw the completed building, though. When he died in 1799, the walls and roof were just about finished. President John Adams and his wife, Abigail, were the first to live there.
　　The Adamses arrived in Washington, D.C., in November of 1800. Stunned by what they saw, they tried to remain calm. Mud and rubble covered the grounds of their new home. A bridge of planks led from the roadway to the front door. All around the mansion stood the workers’ shacks. Washington was a village of some 40 houses, not the big city we know today.
　　At least the President’s house was finished on the outside. Inside, everything was incomplete. Many of the walls had not been plastered. The central staircase was unfinished. The floors were rough boards. There was no indoor bathroom. The furniture was inadequate, too. There wasn’t nearly enough, and in the huge rooms the furniture looked like dollhouse furniture.
　　Congress thought it had spent enough on the mansion. Abigail felt that much had been left undone. She complained that there were no lamps or mirrors. Compared with her cozy home in Boston, Massachusetts, this was cold and damp, and the firewood supply was insufficient to keep her 13 fireplaces burning and her rooms warm. To dry laundry, the first lady had to string up a clothesline in the huge East Room.
　　In private, Abigail Adams complained about the living arrangements. In public, however, she praised the location of the house. After all, the huge building was the center of a new city springing up in the wilderness. With a sparkling new coat of white paint, “the white house” shone like a gem even against the drabbest surroundings. Built on a rise, it had sweeping views of hills, forests, and the Potomac River. Indeed, it seemed to hover above the earth rather than being sunk, as it actually was, into the side of a hill.
　　Abigail Adams was a smart woman. She realized the White House—as it is now called—would have a great future. She knew that her present living conditions would soon change for the better. “This house,” she wrote to a relative, “is built for ages to come.”
Questions 61 to 65
Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.

31

Who chose the spot where the President’s house would be built?

32

How did the Adamses feel when they saw their new home?

33

Where did Abigail live before she came to the new mansion?

34

What did Abigail do to dry laundry in the new mansion?

35

Why did Abigail praise the location of the house?

参考答案 Because it was the center of a new city springing up in the wilderness.

解析：根据文章第五段“…the huge building was the center of a new city springing up in the wilderness.”可知，她赞赏房子的选址是因为这座巨大的建筑将会是在荒野中拔地而起的一座新城市的中心。
【全文翻译】
1791年，乔治·华盛顿选定了美国首都——华盛顿特区。他还选定了总统官邸的建造地点。不过，这位“国父”未能见到完工的大楼。当他在1799年去世时，墙壁和屋顶都快完工了。约翰·亚当斯总统和他的妻子阿比盖尔是第一批住在那里的人。
　　亚当斯夫妇于1800年11月抵达华盛顿特区。他们被眼前的景象惊呆了，只能竭力保持冷静。新家的地面上满是泥土和瓦砾。一座木桥从马路通向前门。大楼周围矗立着工人的棚屋。那时华盛顿还是一个有大约40栋房屋的村庄，不是我们今天所知道的大城市。
　　总统的房子外部已经完工了，但内部的一切尚未建成。很多面墙都没有抹上灰泥。中央楼梯还没建好。地面是粗糙的木板。室内没有卫生间。家具也不齐全，还远远不够用，在巨大的房间里，它们看起来就像是玩具屋的家具。
　　国会认为他们在这座豪宅上已经花了足够的钱。但阿比盖尔觉得还有很多事情没做。她抱怨说房子里没有灯或镜子。与她在马萨诸塞州波士顿舒适的家相比，这里又冷又潮湿，木柴供应不足，无法满足13个壁炉的燃烧需求，不能使她的房间保持温暖。为了烘干衣服，第一夫人不得不在宽敞的东厅系上晾衣绳。
　　私下里，阿比盖尔·亚当斯会抱怨居住条件。然而，在公开场合，她称赞了房子的选址。毕竟，这座巨大的建筑是在荒野中拔地而起的一座新城市的中心。“白宫”涂上了一层闪耀的白色油漆，即便在单调乏味的环境中也像宝石一样闪闪发光。它建在一座山丘上，可以俯瞰山丘、森林和波托马克河。事实上，它似乎盘旋在地面之上，而不是像实际上那样，坐落在山坡上。
　　阿比盖尔·亚当斯是个聪明的女人。她意识到白宫会有一个美好的未来。她知道她现在的生活条件很快就会变得更好。“这座房子”，她在给亲戚的信中写道，“是为未来建造的”。

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

36

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

37

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

38

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

39

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

40

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Is there life anywhere in the universe other than on Earth? To answer that question, scientists look at outer space through telescopes. They send up rockets and satellites and study the information that comes back. Scientists also study life forms on Earth. They think about the features on Earth that support life. Every answer helps them to know what to look for in outer space.
　　Researchers have learned that two things are required to keep life going on Earth. They are energy and flowing water. All life forms need water to survive. It takes energy to keep water in its liquid state, however. Earth’s energy comes from the sun. Our source for water is rain and snow, which are collected by oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
　　What places in our solar system are likely to have energy to keep water in a liquid state? The answer to that question is unknown, but scientists have some ideas. They are looking very closely at the planet Mars. Although the atmosphere of Mars is very different from Earth’s atmosphere, it does have water. Martian air holds only about 1/1000 as much water as Earth’s air. Even that small amount can produce clouds, fog, and frost—all filled with water. The greatest problem with keeping water in a liquid state on Mars is the planet’s extreme cold. The average temperature on Mars is ﹣81 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest it gets is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coldest recorded temperature is ﹣220 degrees Fahrenheit!
　　Life may also be possible on Europa, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter(木星). Scientists believe that Europa may have liquid water and volcanoes. The heat from volcanoes may keep oceans from freezing. Scientists are planning missions to Jupiter and Europa to bring back samples of surface ice. They suspect that if there is life on Europa, it may exit in an ice-covered ocean. They believe that deep below the ice, hot springs in the ocean floor heat the water.
　　Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions. Creatures too tiny to be seen with the human eye live in ice-covered Antarctic lakes and in steaming hot springs. Infrequently, small creatures can even be found in the dry centres of rocks. The existence of these life forms suggests that some very harsh places can support life. As scientists unlock the secrets of how living things survive on this planet, they come closer to answering questions about life forms elsewhere in our solar system and beyond.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

参考答案 extreme/harsh conditions/places

解析：根据文章最后一段“Scientists also look at life on Earth to ponder questions about life in outer space. Life forms have adapted to some remarkably harsh conditions.”可知，科学家观察地球上生物生存的恶劣的条件来思考外太空生命的相关问题，故答案为extreme/harsh conditions/places。
【全文翻译】
　　除了地球之外，宇宙中还有生命吗？为了回答这个问题，科学家们利用望远镜观察外太空。他们发射火箭和卫星，研究其传回的信息。科学家还研究地球上的生命形式。他们思考地球上支持生命生存的特征。每一项发现都能帮助他们了解需要在外太空寻找什么。
　　研究人员了解到，维持地球上生命的存活需要两种物质，即能量和流水。所有的生命形式都需要水才能生存。然而，使水保持液态需要能量。地球的能量来自太阳。我们的水源是雨雪，它们被海洋、湖泊、河流和小溪收集起来。
　　太阳系中哪些地方可能有能量使水保持液态呢？这个问题的答案是未知的，但科学家们有一些想法。他们正在仔细地观察火星。虽然火星的大气层与地球有很大的不同，但它确实有水。火星空气的含水量仅为地球空气的千分之一左右。即使是这么小的量也会产生云、雾和霜——这些都充满了水。而在火星上要使水保持液态，科学家面临的最大的问题是这个星球的严寒。火星上的平均温度是零下81华氏度。最高气温是68华氏度，最低气温是零下220华氏度！
　　木星的卫星之一欧罗巴上也可能存在生命。科学家认为木卫二可能有液态水和火山。火山产生的热量可以防止海洋结冰。科学家们正在计划前往木星和木卫二带回表面冰的样本。他们怀疑，如果木卫二上有生命，它们可能会存在于冰层覆盖的海洋中。他们认为，在冰层下，深海底的温泉会给水加热。
　　科学家们还通过观察地球上的生命来思考有关太空生命的问题。一些生命形式已经适应了某些非常恶劣的条件。肉眼看不见的微小生物生活在冰雪覆盖的南极湖泊和热气腾腾的温泉中。少数情况下，人们会在干燥的岩石中心发现小型生物。这些生命形式的存在表明，一些非常恶劣的地方可以支撑生命存活。随着科学家逐步揭开地球上生物生存的秘密，他们能够进一步解答有关太阳系其他地方和太阳系外的生命形式的问题。