全国翻译专业资格（水平）英语二级笔译综合能力试题（网友回忆版）四
二级笔译综合能力
历年真题
共 110 题
2308 次浏览
更新于 2026-09-26
一、词汇和语法
（每题1分，共60 分。）
1
She _____ through the pages of a magazine, not really concentrating on them.
- A.curved
- B.flipped
- C.tumbled
- D.switched
2
The republication of the poet’s most recent work will certainly _____ his national reputation.
- A.enhance
- B.enchant
- C.entertain
- D.enshrine
3
It is a wonderful surprise to find out that other people perceive you as having the _____ you thought you were missing.
- A.standards
- B.levels
- C.qualities
- D.grades
4
Every street in that neighborhood has a different _____ of building boasting a combination of different angles and shapes.
- A.class
- B.flair
- C.style
- D.glamor
5
Statistics convince us that in about one-third of this world today, survival is still the leading industry; all else is _____.
- A.logo
- B.luxury
- C.lyric
- D.loss
6
Maria became increasingly _____, so she fled to her hometown in Austria.
- A.hasty
- B.horrified
- C.hateful
- D.homesick
7
The nonverbal _____ communicated in business interactions through facial expressions and the movements of arms, legs and hands are very important.
- A.marks
- B.signals
- C.labels
- D.hints
8
In this hero of the film, you see a new image of the Chinese man, quite different from the _____ portrayed in popular Hollywood movies.
- A.example
- B.formality
- C.stereotype
- D.category
9
Traffic speed zones with a limit of 60 kilometers per hour reduce the death _____ by 45.6 percent, with the greatest reduction in child casualties.
- A.sum
- B.quantity
- C.number
- D.toll
10
This region may have as many as 5 million cases of AIDS in 2016 if the _____ is not taken seriously.
- A.disease
- B.virus
- C.bacterium
- D.gene
11
The protesters oppose building a high-rise in their neighborhood, stating that it will stand too close to their apartments and _____ the sunlight.
- A.obscure
- B.dilute
- C.alleviate
- D.lighten
12
The president has got to provide a _____ overview of what he is trying to do throughout this explosive region of the world.
- A.controversial
- B.compelling
- C.consistent
- D.competing
13
Jobs which require speed, accuracy, reliability or _____ can be performed far better by a robot than a human.
- A.insurance
- B.guidance
- C.assistance
- D.endurance
14
In the course of preparing his speech, he should be clearly aware of how to make effective use of statistics and examples to _____ one’s point of view.
- A.blot
- B.blur
- C.bolster
- D.blunt
15
Pessimistic procrastinators feel _____ and are afraid that their involvement in the task will prove this in the end.
- A.incompetent
- B.inconvenient
- C.inconstant
- D.incredible
16
A simple microscope consists of a double convex lens and magnifying glass, while a _____ one, on the other hand, will contain more than one of these lenses.
- A.portable
- B.adaptable
- C.sophisticated
- D.movable
17
Until _____ of the body clock has occurred, individuals suffering from the jet lag feel tired in the daytime and fail to sleep at night.
- A.amendment
- B.adjustment
- C.assessment
- D.announcement
18
According to CNN news, Oscar Menjivar-Herrera assaulted a girl with the help of the 12-year-old boy. Police were shocked that this 12-year-old has such a total lack of _____.
- A.energy
- B.empathy
- C.endowment
- D.embarrassment
19
The increasing popularity of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is attributed to the savings in fuel costs compared with _____ internal-combustion engine vehicles.
- A.convenient
- B.competitive
- C.customary
- D.controversial
20
Early in September each year, the population of Ann Arbor, Michigan, suddenly increases by about 25, 000 as students arrive for the new academic year. This _____ changes the character of the town in a number of ways.
- A.input
- B.influx
- C.inflation
- D.insertion
21
Comparison and contrast are rhetorical devices often employed deliberately in advertisements.
- A.derivatives
- B.figures
- C.skills
- D.components
22
World leaders unequivocally condemned the latest terrorist attack on civilians in several countries.
- A.undeniably
- B.unmistakably
- C.unbelievably
- D.unbearably
23
The vice president tried to wave aside these considerations as inconsequential details that could be settled later.
- A.trivial
- B.arrogant
- C.intentional
- D.preliminary
24
Radar is used to extend the competence of man’s senses for observing his environment, especially the sense of vision.
- A.validity
- B.liability
- C.capability
- D.intensity
25
Its success was instantaneous, though neither the host nor Mr. Pepys could quite see the joke.
- A.insistent
- B.initial
- C.imperceptible
- D.immediate
26
Some of the employees of the company are just interested in getting the job done, and going home on time, and others have no sense of allegiance yet.
- A.contribution
- B.loyalty
- C.urgency
- D.pressure
27
The cloud has come to present the bright future of computing, a world where processing and storage become as ubiquitous and cheap as electricity.
- A.pervasive
- B.feasible
- C.continuous
- D.obvious
28
After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing their jobs.
- A.briskly
- B.purposely
- C.willingly
- D.reluctantly
29
There was no one to tell Scarlett that her own personality, frighteningly vital though it was, was more attractive than any masquerade she might adopt.
- A.distinction
- B.dissent
- C.dissemblance
- D.disagreement
30
He is lucky because he has a fastidious girlfriend who always keeps the closets and the house sparklingly clean.
- A.picky
- B.reliable
- C.tidy
- D.fashionable
31
They try to be assiduous and earnest and see to it that they finish their work smoothly; they never give any thought to personal fame and position.
- A.diligent
- B.insistent
- C.patient
- D.efficient
32
The federal district court issued a preliminary injunction, finding that the law likely was unconstitutional in imposing an impermissible undue burden on a woman’s right to abortion.
- A.inadequate
- B.insignificant
- C.inappropriate
- D.indefensible
33
Hours after my 24th birthday, my life began to change with strangely related events that make me wonder today whether they did not spring from the fictional leanings of my mind.
- A.invented
- B.coined
- C.aligned
- D.generated
34
Their sketches on Victorian manners and a Polite Victorian House are a hilarious way to introduce students to the many strictures placed upon the middle and upper classes.
- A.images
- B.structures
- C.constraints
- D.praises
35
This text is tightly structured around the main theme of research assessment, scaffolded with a clear introduction and useful concluding summaries at the end of each chapter.
- A.included
- B.comprised
- C.supported
- D.mixed
36
This bestselling novelist shares the story of how she escaped the curses of her past to make a future of her own, and at the same time she presents a refreshing meditation on the choices, charms, freedoms, and luck that affect us all.
- A.contemplation
- B.prophecy
- C.mirage
- D.attention
37
In fact, more than75 percent of all major corporations report that they monitor their employees’ use of E-mail and Internet access either by spot-checking or constant surveillance.
- A.computation
- B.audit
- C.survey
- D.inspection
38
The controversy surrounding our English instruction dealt with the desire to protect our linguistic heritage, which may resonate with what happens in other countries.
- A.recur
- B.coincide
- C.harmonize
- D.echo
39
There are two sorts of obscurity that you find in writers who have never taken the trouble to learn to write clearly. One is due to negligence, and the other to willfulness.
- A.unevenness
- B.capriciousness
- C.fogginess
- D.illegibility
40
John Cramer, a researcher at the University of Washington, has created two different expositions of what the big bang might have sounded like based on data from two different satellites.
- A.renditions
- B.theses
- C.explanations
- D.inventions
41
It shall be wrong if not consider how much money you have before going abroad to study.
- A.would... not to consider
- B.will... to consider not
- C.shall... if not considering
- D.should... if not to consider
42
For the scientist, it is useful, and theoretically sound, considering the earth an object in space.
- A.which considers the earth
- B.to consider the earth as
- C.that considers the earth as
- D.the consideration of the earth
43
There never so many foreign guests come to our city as today, so learning English is important.
- A.Foreign guests who have never
- B.Never so many foreign visitors have
- C.The foreign guests aren’t ever
- D.Never have so many foreign visitors
44
I won’t be able to see you off at the airport tomorrow, so I will wish you could travel smoothly.
- A.a good journey
- B.have a good journey
- C.could have a good journey
- D.having a good journey
45
When our coming of the Space Age, a new dimension has been added to the study of the planets in the solar system and beyond.
- A.By the
- B.To the
- C.Along the
- D.With the
46
The project which will cost 34 million yuan designs to build more than 100 homes, restaurants and retail shops around the city.
- A.is designed
- B.is designing
- C.will be designed
- D.will design
47
It is against the law for car drivers to honk their horns except avoid an accident and for garbage trucks to start their rounds before 6 am.
- A.besides for avoiding
- B.except for avoiding
- C.unless to avoid
- D.nevertheless to avoid
48
Because excessively hunting has depleted many wildlife species, preservation zones for wild animals are being established in some provinces.
- A.excessive hunting
- B.excessively being hunting
- C.to excessively hunting
- D.to have hunted excessively
49
I have redone the homework. Please review it again and return it back how I can further improve it.
- A.feedback it to me, so I can farther improve
- B.return it back to me, so I can further improve
- C.feed me back on how I can improve
- D.return it back. Then I’ll see how I can further improve
50
The community is launching a campaign to reduce noise in the areas around apartments, many residents complain that they cannot sleep at night.
- A.lest many residents complain
- B.though many residents complain
- C.because many residents complain
- D.as many residents complain
51
Marriage was one of the first non-biological factors to be identified as improving life expectancy.
- A.identifying
- B.identified
- C.being identified
- D.to identify
52
Nathan is afraid to go swimming in the ocean. He refuses to enter the water even the sea is perfectly calm and there are no waves.
- A.since the sea
- B.even if the sea
- C.if the sea
- D.for the sea
53
Though iPads and E-readers have increasingly better screen clarity, the idea that every time a person reads a book, newspaper or magazine, what they will require an energy source is frightening.
- A.he will require
- B.and he will require
- C.when he will require
- D.that he will require
54
Antique auctions have become popular in this country unless a steadily increasing awareness of the investment value of antiques.
- A.because of
- B.in spite of
- C.apart from
- D.with regard to
55
The company says the homes are far more efficient than conventional houses and use less power as much as a third.
- A.less power as a third
- B.less than a third power
- C.less as a third as much power
- D.less than a third as much power
56
The earth’s atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the western hemisphere in the 150 years as following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492.
- A.for following
- B.which following
- C.when following
- D.following
57
Walk by any Starbucks within several miles of your house, the chances are that you’ll see several people sitting at a table, drinking coffee and enjoying the free WiFi.
- A.your house where the chances are
- B.your house and chances are
- C.your house that are chances
- D.your house are the chances
58
Directed by Benjamin Twist, who, incidentally, is one of the names being mentioned as a possible successor to Nowozielski, a delightfully theatrical retelling is the production of Dicken’s novel.
- A.the production is a delightfully theatrical retelling
- B.a delightfully theatrical retelling of the production
- C.the production of a delightfully theatrical retelling
- D.is the production a delightfully theatrical retelling
59
All are charged with violating official secrets laws, such is an offense that carries a maximum three-year prison term and fines up to US$27, 000.
- A.an offense
- B.is an offense
- C.is such an offense
- D.an offense is such
60
So the theories of the schools are different from the practice of ordinary business that much of which he learned in the former will have to be unlearned in the latter.
- A.Are the theories of the schools so different
- B.Are so different the theories of the schools
- C.So different the theories of the schools are
- D.So different are the theories of the schools
二、阅读理解
（每题1分，共30 分。）
Questions 61—70 are based on the following passage.
With cloud, mobility, big data and consumerization, companies are in even greater need of technology talent than they were in the late 1990s, and that talent is in even shorter supply. Computer science enrollments are at an all-time low; baby-boomer workers are retiring and taking all of that legacy-systems knowledge with them; and Silicon Valley is hot again. Would that young, brilliant developer rather join the next Zynga or upgrade the payroll systems at your insurance company?
Two weeks ago, I asked the IT executive readership of my weekly newsletter, The Heller Report, to answer the question: If you had a magic wand, which one talent problem would you solve? Responses poured in and addressed challenges around recruiting, developing leaders, and retaining the talent that they currently have. But more than 70 percent of readers would use their magic wand to do only one thing: give business skills to their technologists. Their people, they worry, are so narrowly focused on the technology that they fail to see the forest for the trees. They do not understand the business context of their technology work, nor can they have meaningful discussions with the leaders of the business areas about their technology support.
This lack of business-savvy technology talent is a serious problem for every company that relies on technology to exist (which is, of course, every company). Those beautifully “blended executives,” who can talk technology in one meeting and can talk business in another, are rare birds. Yet with technology moving directly into the revenue stream of your company, you need them, and your need is only going to increase.
One option is to spend all of your time and money on recruiting blended executives from the outside. You will be in heated competition with every other company in your market, and if your recruiting function is not a competitive weapon for you, you will find yourself in a losing battle. You would be much better off growing your own. Here are some ideas:
Build a rotational program. Encourage your head of human resources to work with your CIO and a few of your other business leaders to build a program that rotates IT people into different functions of the business. This kind of program is not easy, with your CIO having to survive without a trusted IT leader for a period of timne, but the long-term result of a good rotational program can be tremendous. It may well be worth the investment.
Involve your business leaders. If a rotational program is too much to take on right now, build a leadership development program for IT that involves your business executives. Encourage your CIO to invite the heads of your major business units to meet regularly with the senior IT team to educate them on their business area. And be sure that you, CFO, are spending enough time with IT. Use that interaction to chip away at the long-standing wall that often exists between the business and IT.
Embed your IT people in the business. By now, your CIO should have restructured the IT organization so that each major business or functional area has a dedicated IT leader. These positions are called “business relationship executives,” portfolio CIOs, or customer relationship managers, and they often report both to the CIO and to a functional or P&L leader. The more time they spend in “the business,” the more they learn skills beyond IT, and the more valuable they become to you over time. You know you are on the right track when you walk into a business unit meeting, and from the dialogue taking place, you cannot easily distinguish the IT person from everyone else.
With cloud, mobility, big data and consumerization, companies are in even greater need of technology talent than they were in the late 1990s, and that talent is in even shorter supply. Computer science enrollments are at an all-time low; baby-boomer workers are retiring and taking all of that legacy-systems knowledge with them; and Silicon Valley is hot again. Would that young, brilliant developer rather join the next Zynga or upgrade the payroll systems at your insurance company?
Two weeks ago, I asked the IT executive readership of my weekly newsletter, The Heller Report, to answer the question: If you had a magic wand, which one talent problem would you solve? Responses poured in and addressed challenges around recruiting, developing leaders, and retaining the talent that they currently have. But more than 70 percent of readers would use their magic wand to do only one thing: give business skills to their technologists. Their people, they worry, are so narrowly focused on the technology that they fail to see the forest for the trees. They do not understand the business context of their technology work, nor can they have meaningful discussions with the leaders of the business areas about their technology support.
This lack of business-savvy technology talent is a serious problem for every company that relies on technology to exist (which is, of course, every company). Those beautifully “blended executives,” who can talk technology in one meeting and can talk business in another, are rare birds. Yet with technology moving directly into the revenue stream of your company, you need them, and your need is only going to increase.
One option is to spend all of your time and money on recruiting blended executives from the outside. You will be in heated competition with every other company in your market, and if your recruiting function is not a competitive weapon for you, you will find yourself in a losing battle. You would be much better off growing your own. Here are some ideas:
Build a rotational program. Encourage your head of human resources to work with your CIO and a few of your other business leaders to build a program that rotates IT people into different functions of the business. This kind of program is not easy, with your CIO having to survive without a trusted IT leader for a period of timne, but the long-term result of a good rotational program can be tremendous. It may well be worth the investment.
Involve your business leaders. If a rotational program is too much to take on right now, build a leadership development program for IT that involves your business executives. Encourage your CIO to invite the heads of your major business units to meet regularly with the senior IT team to educate them on their business area. And be sure that you, CFO, are spending enough time with IT. Use that interaction to chip away at the long-standing wall that often exists between the business and IT.
Embed your IT people in the business. By now, your CIO should have restructured the IT organization so that each major business or functional area has a dedicated IT leader. These positions are called “business relationship executives,” portfolio CIOs, or customer relationship managers, and they often report both to the CIO and to a functional or P&L leader. The more time they spend in “the business,” the more they learn skills beyond IT, and the more valuable they become to you over time. You know you are on the right track when you walk into a business unit meeting, and from the dialogue taking place, you cannot easily distinguish the IT person from everyone else.
61
Companies are in greater need of technology talent NOT because of _____.
- A.the accumulation of more data
- B.the need to serve consumers
- C.the rising demand for cloud computation
- D.the development of medical industry
62
_____ is NOT a cause for the short supply of technology talent.
- A.Recruitment of IT companies
- B.Upgrading payroll systems
- C.Retirement of experienced IT technologists
- D.Recruiting fewer people in computer programs
63
The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that _____.
- A.profound discussion is required
- B.IT employees should be business-savvy
- C.technology support is expected
- D.there are challenges in recruiting developers
64
The target readers of the weekly newsletter in Paragraph 2 are _____.
- A.IT managerial staff members
- B.chief developers
- C.skilled technicians
- D.recruitment administrators
65
The word “forest” underlined in Paragraph 2 is a metaphor that refers to _____.
- A.engineering circles
- B.IT businesses
- C.industrial leaders
- D.technological projects
66
The phrase “recruiting function” underlined in Paragraph 4 refers to _____.
- A.recruitment of a particular firm
- B.the functionality of recruitment
- C.competitive recruitment strategy
- D.employment of IT workers for a certain employer
67
If a company doesn’t have enough time and money to hire executives it needs, it should _____.
- A.achieve long-term results
- B.devise a training program
- C.participate in heated competition
- D.call on all business leaders
68
A rotational program DOESN’T involve _____.
- A.blended IT executives
- B.CIO
- C.CEO
- D.all business leaders
69
Following Paragraph 5, the passage is intended for _____.
- A.CFO
- B.CIO
- C.P&L
- D.IT professionals
70
The phrase “the business” underlined in Paragraph 7 means _____.
- A.how to recruit IT staff members
- B.how to manage and market
- C.how to develop new products
- D.how to contact other employees
Questions 71—80 are based on the following passage.
If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.
There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.
Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Well come Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.
Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists- or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions—in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of £768 million on revenues of £2. 06 billion-a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12, 000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.
Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change.
Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals’ curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.
A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.
If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.
There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.
Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Well come Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.
Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists- or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions—in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of £768 million on revenues of £2. 06 billion-a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12, 000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.
Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change.
Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals’ curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.
A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.
71
The first two paragraphs intend to indicate that _____.
- A.taxpayers should make great efforts to exchange ideas
- B.publishers are regarded as a negative factor in science
- C.the government is liable to pay for research expenses
- D.the results of research projects are freely available to the public
72
According to Paragraph 3, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation _____.
- A.is a very important provider of research funding
- B.argues that researchers make their findings public freely
- C.has a monopoly on any research results with its financial support
- D.follows the example set by the U. S. NIH
73
According to the passage, people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals _____.
- A.criticize the unfair publication of scientific articles
- B.object to their slowness and the high costs of the journals
- C.blame them for the slow pace of recent scientific progress
- D.think that journals should be abolished as an obstacle to freedom of speech
74
The word “egregious” underlined in Paragraph 4 means _____.
- A.somewhat unfavorable
- B.rather unnecessary
- C.strikingly unavailable
- D.clearly bad
75
According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?
- A.Mini-monopoly seems to advance scientific research.
- B.Subscription is a major source of margins for the journals.
- C.Publishers make great profits by keeping the price down.
- D.Researchers subscribe to journals to receive free manuscripts.
76
In the phrase “sort the scientific sheep from the goats” underlined in Paragraph 5, the author uses a metaphorical device termed _____.
- A.allusion
- B.pun
- C.metaphor
- D.irony
77
Before the publication of papers, peer reviews are to _____.
- A.differentiate papers
- B.evaluate them
- C.exercise the power of publishers
- D.add the value of journals
78
The author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport, who _____.
- A.strongly supports current publishing arrangements and models
- B.worries about the poor quality of current scientific publication
- C.believes that the weaknesses of open-access journals can easily be overcome
- D.is afraid that good papers in open-access journals may be neglected
79
What does the author think of the future of open-access journals?
- A.Doubtful.
- B.Unclear.
- C.Foreseeable.
- D.Pessimistic.
80
The passage intends to _____.
- A.argue that academic journals face a radical shake-up
- B.illustrate that the publishing formalities need not to change
- C.report that the publication of papers faces intense competition
- D.discuss that scientific research is shifting to free access
Questions 81—90 are based on the following passage.
Declining house prices, rising job layoffs, skyrocketing oil costs and a major credit crunch have brought consumer confidence to its lowest point in five years. With a relatively long recession looking increasingly likely, many American families may be planning to tighten their belts.
Interestingly, restraining our consumer spending, in the short term, may cause us to actually loosen the belts around our waists. What’s the connection? The brain has a limited capacity for self-regulation, so exerting willpower in one area often leads to backsliding in others. The good news, however, is that practice increases willpower capacity, so that in the long run, buying less now may improve our ability to achieve future goals-like losing those 10 pounds we gained when we weren’t out shopping.
The brain’s store of willpower is depleted when people control their thoughts, feelings or impulses, or when they modify their behaviors in pursuit of goals. Psychologist Roy Baumeister and others have found that people who successfully accomplish one task requiring self-control are less persistent on a second, seemingly unrelated task.
In one pioneering study, some people were asked to eat radishes while others received freshly baked chocolate chip cookies before trying to solve an impossible puzzle. The radish-eaters abandoned the puzzle in eight minutes on average, working less than half as long as people who got cookies or those who were excused from eating radishes. Similarly, people who were asked to circle every “e” on a page of text then showed less persistence in watching a video of an unchanging table and wall.
Other activities that deplete willpower include resisting food or drink, suppressing emotional responses, restraining aggressive or sexual impulses, taking exams and trying to impress someone. Task persistence is also reduced when people are stressed or tired from exertion or lack of sleep.
What limits willpower? Some have suggested that it is blood sugar, which brain cells use as their main energy source and cannot do without for even a few minutes. Most cognitive functions are unaffected by minor blood sugar fluctuations over the course of a day, but planning and self-control are sensitive to such small changes. Exerting self-control lowers blood sugar, which reduces the capacity for further self-control. People who drink a glass of lemonade between completing one task requiring self-control and beginning a second one perform equally well on both tasks, while people who drink sugarless diet lemonade make more errors on the second task than on the first. Foods that persistently elevate blood sugar, like those containing protein or complex carbohydrates, might enhance willpower for longer periods.
In the short term, you should spend your limited willpower budget wisely. It can be counterproductive to work toward multiple goals at the same time if your willpower cannot cover all the efforts that are required. Concentrating your effort on one or, at most, a few goals at a time increases the odds of success.
Focusing on success is important because willpower can grow in the long term. Like a muscle, willpower seems to become stronger with use. The idea of exercising willpower is seen in military boot camp, where recruits are trained to overcome one challenge after another.
No one knows why willpower can grow with practice, but consistently doing any activity that requires self-control seems to increase willpower—and the ability to resist impulses and delay gratification is highly associated with success in life.
Declining house prices, rising job layoffs, skyrocketing oil costs and a major credit crunch have brought consumer confidence to its lowest point in five years. With a relatively long recession looking increasingly likely, many American families may be planning to tighten their belts.
Interestingly, restraining our consumer spending, in the short term, may cause us to actually loosen the belts around our waists. What’s the connection? The brain has a limited capacity for self-regulation, so exerting willpower in one area often leads to backsliding in others. The good news, however, is that practice increases willpower capacity, so that in the long run, buying less now may improve our ability to achieve future goals-like losing those 10 pounds we gained when we weren’t out shopping.
The brain’s store of willpower is depleted when people control their thoughts, feelings or impulses, or when they modify their behaviors in pursuit of goals. Psychologist Roy Baumeister and others have found that people who successfully accomplish one task requiring self-control are less persistent on a second, seemingly unrelated task.
In one pioneering study, some people were asked to eat radishes while others received freshly baked chocolate chip cookies before trying to solve an impossible puzzle. The radish-eaters abandoned the puzzle in eight minutes on average, working less than half as long as people who got cookies or those who were excused from eating radishes. Similarly, people who were asked to circle every “e” on a page of text then showed less persistence in watching a video of an unchanging table and wall.
Other activities that deplete willpower include resisting food or drink, suppressing emotional responses, restraining aggressive or sexual impulses, taking exams and trying to impress someone. Task persistence is also reduced when people are stressed or tired from exertion or lack of sleep.
What limits willpower? Some have suggested that it is blood sugar, which brain cells use as their main energy source and cannot do without for even a few minutes. Most cognitive functions are unaffected by minor blood sugar fluctuations over the course of a day, but planning and self-control are sensitive to such small changes. Exerting self-control lowers blood sugar, which reduces the capacity for further self-control. People who drink a glass of lemonade between completing one task requiring self-control and beginning a second one perform equally well on both tasks, while people who drink sugarless diet lemonade make more errors on the second task than on the first. Foods that persistently elevate blood sugar, like those containing protein or complex carbohydrates, might enhance willpower for longer periods.
In the short term, you should spend your limited willpower budget wisely. It can be counterproductive to work toward multiple goals at the same time if your willpower cannot cover all the efforts that are required. Concentrating your effort on one or, at most, a few goals at a time increases the odds of success.
Focusing on success is important because willpower can grow in the long term. Like a muscle, willpower seems to become stronger with use. The idea of exercising willpower is seen in military boot camp, where recruits are trained to overcome one challenge after another.
No one knows why willpower can grow with practice, but consistently doing any activity that requires self-control seems to increase willpower—and the ability to resist impulses and delay gratification is highly associated with success in life.
81
We can learn from the first two paragraphs that _____.
- A.people have lost confidence in recession
- B.willpower can be enhanced by self-regulation
- C.strong willpower is needed to tighten the belts
- D.recession causes people to restrain their spending
82
Which factor plays an essential role in restraining the desire to consume and losing weight?
- A.Controlling impulses.
- B.Modifying behaviors.
- C.Tightening belts.
- D.Increasing willpower capacity.
83
When people achieve their goals with self-control, they will _____.
- A.have less willpower to accomplish another
- B.become more aggressive and persistent
- C.become less sensitive to their feelings
- D.adjust their goals in a proper way
84
From Paragraph 4, we can know that _____.
- A.radish-eaters are less persistent than cookie-eaters
- B.cookie-eaters are encouraged to solve the puzzle
- C.people are less persistent when asked to watch a video
- D.people’s poor performance is attributed to hunger
85
Various activities are mentioned in the passage to illustrate _____.
- A.the symptom of willpower deficiency
- B.the source of people’s energy
- C.the factors affecting willpower
- D.the importance of persistence
86
Changes in the level of one’s blood sugar _____.
- A.tend to have a great impact on one’s emotional responses
- B.underline the brain’s interaction with its social environment
- C.cause brain cells to sustain cognitive functions
- D.are more likely to be greater when the brain triggers willpower
87
The word “odds” underlined in Paragraph 7 is a synonym of _____.
- A.likelihood
- B.strength
- C.mood
- D.potency
88
The phrase “military boot camp” underlined in Paragraph 8 tends to _____.
- A.prove that exercising willpower to overcome challenges pays off
- B.show how willpower grows when individuals surmount difficulties
- C.state that military training is a valuable means of attaining group goals
- D.explain how exercise leads to stronger muscles as well as greater willpower
89
The word “gratification” underlined in Paragraph 9 means _____.
- A.reacting to an impulse
- B.satisfying a desire
- C.taking a desirable action
- D.exercising self-control
90
What is the appropriate title of the passage?
- A.Working Mechanism and Willpower Training
- B.Strategies to Exert Limited Willpower Wisely
- C.Relationship Between Willpower and Tasks
- D.Importance of Persistence and Willpower
三、完形填空
（共10 分。）
There is a myth out there that too many people believe: that when we reach a certain age, we can no longer be happy, independent and productive members of society. How _____ (91) that is!
Recently I had a serious hip injury that landed me in the hospital. I was _____ (92) at first, but I was only facing a short-term crisis. Now, after good medical _____ (93), I’m back on my feet, back to work, and feeling great. Sure, I have my aches and pains, and I move _____ (94) slower than I did when I was 18, but who doesn’t? And then last night, I was _____ (95) when my niece said, “Aunt Eileen, I want to be like you when I’m older. You’re 76 years old, _____ (96) you’re happy, healthy, and still working. You’re actually _____ (97)!”
She was right. However, I haven’t always felt so secure. Years ago, my grandmother _____ (98) serious financial problems. Fortunately, our family was able to take her in, and she _____ (99) lived to the ripe old age of 94. However, her situation _____ (100) me think about my own financial future. I was in my early 30s. Would I have sufficient _____ (101) to live comfortably for another 50 or 60 years? The answer was probably no, so I decided to take action to improve the odds. I _____ (102) to worry about becoming old, poor, and lonely, but not any _____ (103). I am not wealthy, but I am _____ (104) compared to many others of my age. So how did I accomplish this?
Well, first I _____ (105) a financial advisor. She said I had been too happy-go-luck with my _____ (106). As a result, I might run out of my money and should ameliorate the risks by saving more right away.
When I finally retired, I had to face some _____ (107) choices about what to do next. Did I want to move to an inexpensive apartment in a warmer climate, _____ (108) hobbies all day? No, I did not! So, I took some courses to improve my skills. Then I found a part-time job I really like. _____ (109) I started this second career mostly for _____ (110) income, I believe that working keeps me alive and mentally alert.
Recently I had a serious hip injury that landed me in the hospital. I was _____ (92) at first, but I was only facing a short-term crisis. Now, after good medical _____ (93), I’m back on my feet, back to work, and feeling great. Sure, I have my aches and pains, and I move _____ (94) slower than I did when I was 18, but who doesn’t? And then last night, I was _____ (95) when my niece said, “Aunt Eileen, I want to be like you when I’m older. You’re 76 years old, _____ (96) you’re happy, healthy, and still working. You’re actually _____ (97)!”
She was right. However, I haven’t always felt so secure. Years ago, my grandmother _____ (98) serious financial problems. Fortunately, our family was able to take her in, and she _____ (99) lived to the ripe old age of 94. However, her situation _____ (100) me think about my own financial future. I was in my early 30s. Would I have sufficient _____ (101) to live comfortably for another 50 or 60 years? The answer was probably no, so I decided to take action to improve the odds. I _____ (102) to worry about becoming old, poor, and lonely, but not any _____ (103). I am not wealthy, but I am _____ (104) compared to many others of my age. So how did I accomplish this?
Well, first I _____ (105) a financial advisor. She said I had been too happy-go-luck with my _____ (106). As a result, I might run out of my money and should ameliorate the risks by saving more right away.
When I finally retired, I had to face some _____ (107) choices about what to do next. Did I want to move to an inexpensive apartment in a warmer climate, _____ (108) hobbies all day? No, I did not! So, I took some courses to improve my skills. Then I found a part-time job I really like. _____ (109) I started this second career mostly for _____ (110) income, I believe that working keeps me alive and mentally alert.
91
_____
- A.likely
- B.wrong
- C.honest
- D.fearful
92
_____
- A.bored
- B.angered
- C.relaxed
- D.exhausted
93
_____
- A.aid
- B.treatment
- C.check
- D.detection
94
_____
- A.little
- B.much
- C.slightly
- D.further
95
_____
- A.depressed
- B.excited
- C.touched
- D.lost
96
_____
- A.so
- B.and
- C.thus
- D.yet
97
_____
- A.thriving
- B.rewarding
- C.delighting
- D.serving
98
_____
- A.involved
- B.handled
- C.encountered
- D.mentioned
99
_____
- A.straightly
- B.eventually
- C.consequently
- D.definitely
100
_____
- A.had
- B.let
- C.made
- D.asked
101
_____
- A.resources
- B.commodities
- C.facilities
- D.salaries
102
_____
- A.pretended
- B.used
- C.refused
- D.expected
103
_____
- A.thus
- B.so
- C.more
- D.hence
104
_____
- A.needy
- B.rich
- C.happy
- D.confident
105
_____
- A.recruited
- B.advised
- C.invited
- D.visited
106
_____
- A.working
- B.living
- C.spending
- D.visiting
107
_____
- A.innocent
- B.right
- C.careless
- D.lucky
108
_____
- A.pursuing
- B.eradicating
- C.neglecting
- D.removing
109
_____
- A.Since
- B.Because
- C.Although
- D.If
110
_____
- A.exorbitant
- B.additional
- C.high
- D.useful
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