2020年全国英语竞赛《B类英语专业》初赛试题（网友回忆版）

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

26

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

27

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

28

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

29

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

30

There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.
Section A (10 marks)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 题目图片

　　Printmaking is the genetic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other materials) against an image-beating surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
　　The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth centuryA.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
　　Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
　　Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
Questions 56 to 60
Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. 题目图片

参考答案 Woodcut

解析：根据文章最后一段“Woodcuts tend to be more linear…”可知，木刻会有更多线条。故此处应填Woodcut。
【全文翻译】
　　版画是一系列工艺的起源术语，其中木刻版画和雕版画是两个主要的例子。版画是通过将一张纸(或其他材料)压在已涂有墨水的、带有图像的面上来制作的。当纸张被移走时，左右相反的图像就会印在上面。
　　在中国，从公元5世纪起，木刻版画就被用来将图案应用到纺织品上。这一工艺直到14世纪才被引入欧洲，首先用于纺织品装饰，然后用于纸品印刷。木刻版画是通过浮雕工艺创作的；艺术家首先拿出一块平行于纹理锯成的木块，用白底覆盖它，然后用墨水画出图像。雕刻掉背景，使得设计区域稍稍抬高。再涂上墨水，墨水附着在凸起的图像上。然后用手或印刷机将其转移到湿纸上。
　　雕版画来源于金匠的工艺，十五世纪中叶起源于的德国和意大利北部。这是一种凹版工艺(源于意大利的凹版，“雕刻”)。用切割器或毛刺将图像切割成高度抛光的金属板，通常是铜板。艺术家在这个金属板上涂上墨水，然后把它擦干净，这样切开的凹槽里就会残留一些墨水。把金属板压在印刷机上的湿纸张上，施加足够的压力，使纸张吸起油墨，这样就制成了一幅雕版画。
　　木刻版画和雕版画都有鲜明的特点。雕版画通过使用精细的线条来进行微妙的造型和着色。阴影和交叉阴影决定了印刷中的明暗程度。木刻版画更倾向于线性，明暗之间的对比更鲜明。雕版画非常适合制作多幅图像。一组多幅图像称为一个版本。这两种方法都可以在原始版开始出现磨损迹象之前产生数百张高质量的印版。16世纪印刷品大规模生产，相比过去，更广泛的公众可以以更低的成本获得这些图像。

Section B (10 marks)
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
　　Water is the giver and, at the same time, the taker of life. It covers most of the surface of the planet we live on and features large in the development of the human race. On present predictions, it is a statement that is set to assume even greater significance.
　　Throughout history, water has had a huge impact on our lives. Humankind has always had a rather ambiguous relationship with water, on the one hand receiving enormous benefit from it, not just as a drinking source, but as a provider of food and a means whereby to travel and to trade. But forced to live close to water in order to survive and to develop, the relationship has not always been peaceful or beneficial. In fact, it has been quite the contrary. What has essentially been a necessity for survival was turned out in many instances to have a very destructive and life-threatening side. 题目图片

　　Through the ages, great floods alternated with long periods of drought have assaulted people and their environment, hampering their fragile fight for survival. The dramatic changes to the environment that are now a feature of our daily news are not exactly new: fields that were once lush and fertile are now barren; lakes and rivers that were once teeming with life are now long gone; savannah has been turned to desert. What perhaps is new is our native wonder when faced with the forces of nature.
　　Today, we are more aware of climatic changes around the world. Floods in far-flung places are instant news for the whole world. Perhaps these events make us feel better as we face the destruction of our own property by floods and other natural disasters.
　　In 2002, many parts of Europe suffered severe flood damage running into billions of euros. Properties across the continent collapsed into the sea as waves pounded the coastline wreaking havoc with sea defenses. But it was not just the seas. Rivers swollen by heavy rains and by the effects of deforestation carried large volumes of water that wrecked many communities.
　　Building stronger and more sophisticated river defenses against flooding is the expensive short-term answer. There are simpler ways. Planting trees in highland areas, not just in Europe but in places like the Ganges Delta, is a cheaper and more attractive solution. Progress is already being made in convincing countries that the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing considerable damage to the environment. But more effort is needed in this direction.
　　And the future? If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025. But for a growing number of regions of the world the future is already with us. While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflict. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water with the Rio Grande failing to reach the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in 50 years in the spring of 2002, pitting region against region as they vie for water sources. With many parts of the globe running dry through drought and increased water consumption, there is now talk of water being the new oil.
　　Other doom-laden estimates suggest that, while tropical areas will become drier and uninhabitable, coastal regions and some low lying islands will in all probability be submerged by the sea as the polar ice caps melt. Popular exotic destinations now visited by countless tourists will become no-go areas. Today’s holiday hotspots of southern Europe and elsewhere will literally become hotspots—too hot to live in or visit. With the current erratic behavior of the weather, it is difficult not to subscribe to such despair.
　　Some might say that this despondency is ill-founded, but we have had ample proof that there is something not quite right with the climate. Many parts of the world have experienced devastating flooding. As the seasons revolve, the focus of the destruction moves from one continent to another. The impact on the environment is alarming and the cost to life depressing. It is a picture to which we will need to become accustomed.
Questions 61 to 65
Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.

31

What will have even greater importance in our lives in future?

32

What kind of relationship is two-sided?

33

Which continent suffered severely from drought?

34

What is a less expensive answer to flooding in all regions?

35

In the future, what part of continent is likely to be under water?

参考答案 Coastal regions.

解析：根据文章倒数第二段“…coastal regions and some low lying islands will in all probability be submerged by the sea as the polar ice caps melt…”可知，沿海地区将有可能被海水淹没。
【全文翻译】
　　水是给予者，同时也是生命的夺取者。它覆盖了我们赖以生存的星球的大部分表面，在人类的发展中占有重要地位。根据目前的预测，这一声明将具有更大的意义。
　　纵观历史，水对我们的生活产生了巨大的影响。一直以来，人类与水的关系非常不明确，一方面，水给我们带来了巨大的益处，它不仅是饮水源，而且是食物提供者和旅行及贸易手段。另一方面，为了生存和发展，人们被迫住在靠近水的地方，我们与水的关系并不总是和睦或有益的。事实上，情况恰恰相反。在许多情况下，本质上是生存必需品的东西反而非常具有破坏性，且会危及人类生命。
　　千百年来，大洪水和长期干旱交替发生，侵袭了人们的生存环境，阻碍了脆弱的他们为生存而进行的斗争。环境的巨大变化现在并不完全是新现象，而已经成为我们每日新闻的一个特点：曾经葱郁肥沃的田野现在变得贫瘠；曾经生机勃勃的湖泊和河流现在早已不复存在；大草原已经变成了沙漠。新鲜的也许是我们面对自然的力量时本能的惊叹。
　　今天，我们对世界各地的气候变化有了更多的了解。偏远地区的洪水泛滥是全世界的即时新闻。也许这些事件的意义在于：当洪水和其他自然灾害导致我们财产损失时，我们不会感到惊惧和手足无措。
2002年，欧洲许多地区遭受了高达数十亿欧元的严重洪灾损失。随着海浪冲击海岸线，沿岸房产受淹倒塌，冲入海中，对海防造成了严重破坏。但这不仅仅是海洋的问题。受暴雨和森林砍伐的影响，河水上涨，大量的水流冲毁了许多社区。
　　建造更坚固、更复杂的河流防洪设施是短期解决方案，并且成本高昂。我们有更简单的方法，即在欧洲和类似恒河三角洲的地方的高地植树，这是一个更经济、更有吸引力的解决方案。二氧化碳和其他温室气体的排放正对环境造成相当大的破坏，在使各国确信这一论断方面，我们已经取得了进展。但在这个方向上还需要更多的努力。
　　那未来呢？如果我们要相信这些预测，那么据预测，到2025年，世界上三分之二的人口将没有淡水可用。但对于世界上越来越多的地区来说，未来已经来了。虽然一些地区被洪水摧毁，但其他许多地方的水源短缺问题严峻，正在引发冲突。美国德克萨斯州正面临着水源短缺问题，2002年春天，格兰德河50年来首次未能流入墨西哥湾，该地区在争夺水源时展开了激烈的竞争。随着全球多地因干旱和用水量增加而干涸，现在有传言称水将成为新的石油。
　　其他悲观估计表明，虽然热带地区将变得更加干燥、不适宜居住，但随着极地冰盖的融化，沿海地区和一些低洼岛屿很可能会被海水淹没。目前，一些富有异域风情的旅游胜地大受欢迎，吸引无数游客前往参观游览，这些地方未来都将成为禁区。今天南欧和其他地方的度假热点将真正成为热点——因为太热了，不适合居住或参观。在目前反复无常的天气状况下，我们很难否认这种绝望情绪。
　　有些人可能会说这种沮丧是没有根据的，但我们有充分的证据表明，气候有一些不太对劲的地方。世界上许多地区都经历了毁灭性的洪灾。随着季节的更替，破坏的焦点从一个大陆转移到另一个大陆。这些破坏对环境的影响令人恐慌，我们付出的生命代价令人沮丧。这是一幅我们需要习惯的画面。

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

36

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

37

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

38

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

39

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

40

Section C (10 marks)
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.
　　Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. 题目图片

　　Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs. The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.
　　Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic: they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of heat and reduce the density of the body metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate.
　　For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas: flight also requires excellent coordination.
　　With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.
　　A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breast-bone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally, other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr.
　　In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptation. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endotherm, only later being so-opted as flight equipment.
　　Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some scientists the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaur. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from non-flying reptiles.
Questions 66 to 70
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
In describing the characteristics of birds, almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is made different in some way that enhances (66)_____. Modern birds do not have (67)_____, an adaptation that reduces the weight of the head. Birds use their own (68)_____ to maintain the body temperature. Because birds’ eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be (69)_____! Most researchers believe that the (70)_____ was a feathered theropod that was a small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaur.

参考答案 ancestor of birds

解析：根据文章最后一段“Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod.”可知，大多数研究者认为鸟类的祖先是有羽毛的兽足类动物。
【全文翻译】
　　鸟类是在中生代大型爬行动物辐射期间进化而来的。我们能看到的羊膜卵和其腿上的鳞片只是它们身上爬行动物特征中的两个。但是现代鸟类看起来与现代爬行动物有很大的差异，因为它们拥有羽毛和其他独特的飞行器官。
　　典型鸟类的身体结构几乎每一部分都经过了某种程度的改造，以增强其飞行能力。它们骨骼的内部结构呈蜂窝状，既坚固又轻盈。例如，军舰鸟的骨架翼展超过2米，但重量只有113克左右。鸟类丧失了部分器官，减轻了自身重量，这是其对环境的又一适应。例如，雌性只有一个卵巢。此外，现代鸟类没有牙齿，这种改变可以减轻头部的重量。它们不在嘴里咀嚼食物，而是在胃附近的消化器官砂囊里把食物磨碎。鳄鱼也有砂囊，一些恐龙也是如此。鸟嘴由角蛋白构成，目前已证明其在鸟类进化过程中具有很强的适应性，呈现出适合不同饮食的各种形状。
　　飞行需要从活性代谢中消耗大量的能量。鸟类可以吸收热量：它们利用自己的新陈代谢热量来保持恒定的体温。羽毛和某些物种的脂肪层提供隔离功能，使鸟类能够保持新陈代谢产生的热量。它们高效的呼吸系统和具有四腔心脏的循环系统使其组织保持充足的氧气和营养供应，支持高热率并降低身体新陈代谢的密度。鸟类的肺部有细小的管子，它们来自或者通向有助于消散的弹性气囊。
　　为了安全飞行，感官，特别是视觉，必须要敏锐。鸟类的眼睛很好，也许是所有脊椎动物中最好的。它们大脑的视觉区域很发达，运动区也很发达：因为飞行也需要良好的协调性。
　　因为鸟类的大脑比爬行动物和两栖动物的大脑要大，它们通常表现出非常复杂的行为。在繁殖季节，特别是进行精心设计的求偶仪式时，鸟类的行为尤为复杂。因为鸟蛋在下蛋时要脱壳，所以受精必须在体内。下蛋后，根据品种的不同，禽类胚胎必须由母亲、父亲或两者共同孵化以使鸟蛋保持温暖。
　　鸟类为飞行进行的最明显的适应是它的翅膀。鸟翼的翼型阐释了飞机机翼采用的空气动力学原理。鸟类通过收缩固定在胸骨上的大胸肌来拍打翅膀，从而为飞行提供动力。一些鸟类，如鹰和隼，它们的翅膀能适应在气流中翱翔，只需偶尔拍打翅膀，而其他鸟类，包括蜂鸟，必须不断拍打才能持续在高空飞翔。不论哪一种情况，形成翼型的都是羽毛的形状和排列。最快的鸟是名副其实的雨燕，它可以以170公里/小时的速度飞行。
　　鸟的羽毛既轻盈又结实，是脊椎动物适应能力中最显著的一种。羽毛是由角蛋白构成的，与构成我们头发、指甲和爬行动物鳞片的是同一种蛋白质。在吸热进化过程中，羽毛可能首先起到隔热的作用，后来才被选为飞行器官。
　　骨骼化石分析支持这样一种假设，即鸟类最接近的爬行动物近亲是兽脚类恐龙，这是一群相对较小的两足食肉恐龙。大多数研究人员认为鸟类的祖先是有羽毛的兽足类动物。然而，一些科学家认为鸟类的起源要早得多，源于一种鸟类和恐龙共同的祖先。目前研究人员对鸟类起源有着浓厚的兴趣，这无疑将使我们更了解这些天空的主人是如何从不会飞行的爬行动物进化而来的。