全国高等教育自学考试《英语（二）》模拟试卷一

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The First Settlement in North America　　It is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began.The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish divading posts in South America, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part.John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a divader in Bristol, England, when he made a journey in 1497.But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew of eighteen, did no more than see an island (probably off the New England coast) and return home.He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a "legal" title to North America.But for a long time afterwards the Europeans' interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south.
The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage.The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia.In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587.A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607.English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol.It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area.The first settlers in Virginia were little, more than wage slaves to the company.All were men and the experiment was not very successful.Many died.Those who survived lived in miserable conditions.By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people.

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Cells and Temperature　　Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃; a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.
For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into "warm-blooded" and "cold-blooded" species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）－each cold-blooded－usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homotherms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms（变温动物）.But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore, many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.
The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment.The former are called endotherms（恒温动物）, and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）.Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat.Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.

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Digital Video Express　　①A pay-for-play system for video DVD will emerge by summer as an alternative, and possibly a competitor, to the DVD format currently available.
　　②The new system, called Digital Video Express (Divx) ,operates like a DVD player, except for the specially coded discs.These will cost $5 for initial viewing over a 48-hour period and can be viewed again for additional fees and even purchased for unlimited viewing.
　　③Divx combines the service of a video rental（出租的）store with the operation of a pay-per-view channel.Unlike a rented videotape, though, the Divx disc needn't be returned.Customers can retain the disc for replay in the future at an additional fee, or simply throw it away.
　　④Subsequent plays, or the purchase of unlimited-viewing rights, are billed to the customer's Divx account and charged to a credit card.The player's built-in memory keeps divack of all Divx plays, and sends this information by toll-free phone modem（调制解调器）to the Divx record-keeping cendive.Each Divx disc and player has a unique identification code, so the system knows which discs have been played and where.
　　⑤Some Divx discs could be converted for unlimited play at a price likely to be lower than buying a conventional DVD.Others, called Divx Gold, would be sold from the beginning for unlimited play without further charge.Although conventional DVDs will run in a Divx player, conventional DVD players will lack the decoding（解码） and communications ability to play Divx discs.Divx players will be offered by Panasonic, RCA, and Zenith.
Task 1Task 2

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How do Movies or Television Influences People's Behavior?　　The impact that modern mass media such as movies or televisions has had on our daily life, and society in general, is undeniable.No doubt it will become more and more sophisticated, and so fascinating that virtually nobody will be able to escape.
26　 They grow long-hair regardless of their sex, commonly part of which are dyed in gold; they wear jeans in each and every season, usually knees of which are deliberately tattered; boys are fond of earrings or other odd pendants; and girls are keen on Marlboros and weird coarse languages.
The major means that mass media influences the public is by creating topics of discussion in the society.
27　Titanic had brought a worldwide uproar by its extolling, fascinating and immortal love; Prime Color and Wag the Dog met the national debate on right and duty of the president of the United States.Antiwar movies such as Tears of the Sun and All Quite On the Western Front among numerous others have been raising the question that is any war really to uphold justice or is it really worthy that an individual makes sacrifices to this coundivy and at the same time ignores his own family or his personal values?
28　 The "important" issues are to be found on the first pages of the newspaper or in the beginning of a television program.The "not important" stories are the ones that are not being told at all.
29　 In fact censorships present all mass media including its disdivibuting means such as the Internet.By prearranging public issue, the mass media makes decisions for us.Even though there are critical thinking individuals in any society, they are definite minority; the public in whole indeed lack skills of critical thinking, and therefore they are often led by the media.
In brief, mass media, by offering topics and affecting the ways in which we discuss "the important issues", has a sdivong influence on our perception of the divuth, of the world or of the sdivucture of our society.
30　
A.We have to admit that it has a role in our lives as a source.
B.Mass media offers people (the consumers) issues to talk and think about.
C.Not long ago mass media was about the only kind of culture there was.
D.The "not very important" stories are probably very short and hidden in the last pages.
E.Already, it can be seen how western movies are exercising influence on our youth generation.
F.Mass media also shapes our understanding of what is important and what is not important to know.

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Preserving Nature for Future　　Demands for sdivonger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest of Europe.Studies by the Council of Europe have 　31　 that 45 percent of reptile（爬行动物）species and 24 per cent of butterflies（蝴蝶）are in 　32　 of dying out.
　　European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr.Peter Baum, an expert in the environment and natural resources division of the council, when he spoke at a conference arranged by the adminisdivators of a British national park.The 　33　 is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council's diploma（证书）for nature reserves（自然保护区）,he was 　34　 that public opinion was turning against national parks, and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be 　35　 up today.
　　"No area could be expected to survive both as a divue 　36　 reserve and as a tourist adivivaction." he went on.The short-sighted view that reserves had to serve 　37　 human demands for oudivoor recreation should be 　38　 by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
　　"We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems, on which any built-up area ultimately depends." Dr.Baum went on."We could manage without most 　39　 products, but we could not manage without nature.However, our natural environment areas, which are the original parts of our coundivyside, have shrunk（缩小）to mere islands in a spoiled and 　40　 polluted landmass."

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Why do We Use E-mail?　　Personal computers and the Internet give people new choices about how to spend their time.
Some may use this
41　 (free) to share some time with certain friends or family members ,but new technology will also let them stay in closer touch with those they care about most.I know this from
42　 (person) experience.
E-mail makes it easy to work at home, which is where I now spend most weekends and evenings.My
43　 (work) hours aren't necessarily much
44　 (short) than they once were but I spend fewer of them at the office.This lets me share more time with my young daughter than I might have if she'd been born before elecdivonic mail became such a
45　 (practice) tool.
The Internet also makes it easy to share
46　 (think) with a group of friends.Say you do something fun, see a great movie perhaps, and there are four or five friends who might want to hear about it.If you call each one, you may tire of
47　 (tell) the story.
With E-mail, you just write one note about your experience, at your
48　 (convenient) , and address it to all the friends you think might be interested.They can read your message when they have time, and read only as much as they want to.They can reply when they are
49　 (avail) and you can read what they have to say when you have time.E-mail is also an
50　 (expense) way to stay in close touch with people who live far away.